The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 40 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Excavating Europe’s last fascist monument: The Valley of the Fallen (Spain)
Open accessAbstract
Since 1945, most fascist monuments have disappeared or been deactivated in Western Europe. There is one in Spain, however, that remains fully operative: the Valley of the Fallen. The complex, devised by the dictator Francisco Franco, celebrates the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War (1936?1939), keeps the bodies of thousands of victims of the conflict, as well as the leading fascist ideologue and the dictator himself, and provides a material narrative that exalts the dictatorship. With the advent of democracy in 1978, the Valley remained unchanged, untouchable, and an important focus for fascist and extreme right celebrations, both national and international. However, with the new progressive government that came to power in 2018, it has become the object of an ambitious program of resignification in which archaeology has an important role to play. In this article, I describe how archaeological work undertaken at the Valley of the Fallen is contributing toward destabilizing the dictatorial narrative by opposing the monumental assemblage of fascism to the subaltern assemblage of those who built it.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The Valley of the Fallen is described as the one fascist monument in Western Europe that remains fully operative, and the article reports archaeological work on its forced-labor camps and improvised settlements. By excavating the hidden material world of political prisoners and their families, the project seeks to destabilize the monument’s dictatorial narrative.
Key findings
- The Valley of the Fallen was built from 1940 to 1959 with forced labor by political prisoners; three forced-labor camps (Molán, San Román, and Banús) operated between 1943 and 1950. The complex includes a rock-hewn basilica larger than Saint Peter’s, a 150 m cross, and crypts holding some 33,000 war dead; later, some 8,000 Republican victims were buried inside, mostly without relatives’ consent.
- Archaeological survey and excavation in spring 2021 documented the camps and unofficial settlements: in Banús alone, 52 makeshift structures; in San Román, 29 makeshift structures, only 12 identified as *chabolas*. Unofficial constructions covered 4.05 ha versus 2.3 ha of planned features, meaning 64% of the built-up 1940s space can only be studied archaeologically.
- Excavated *casitas* were tiny and standardized: five of nine excavated huts had 7.5–9 m² of floor space and the remaining four had 4–5 m²; an employee’s house from the 1950s had 12 m². Material evidence indicates poverty and reuse: 99% of 1940s artifacts were locally produced; Banús yielded 41 vernacular wheel-turned vessels versus 35 industrial items, while the 1950s employee house and dumps yielded 35 industrial wares versus 8 traditional pots; of 74 animal bones, 65 came from the employee dump.
- The author argues the remains form a “subaltern assemblage” and “minor architecture” that counters the monumental fascist assemblage, revealing women’s and children’s lives, solidarity, and the materiality of poverty; the friction between the two assemblages is said to have provoked a crisis of representation and threats of legal action from extreme-right groups.
Methods
- Systematic survey and excavation of the three forced-labor camps and improvised settlements in the Valley of Cuelgamuros in spring 2021; Molán had been razed and was not excavated, while structures were excavated at San Román and Banús.
- Analysis combined archaeological survey and excavation, GIS/GPS surface calculations, material-culture analysis, archival and documentary evidence, and witness testimony; the author notes that huts were studied because archival and photographic data are almost absent.
Limitations
- The paper states that National Heritage restricted dissemination (no social media or open days; media allowed on two days) and that the goals were only partly achieved; exhumations planned since 2016 had not been carried out due to legal and bureaucratic obstacles.
- The paper states that documentation for the improvised huts is almost non-existent, only two shanties were photographed (in 1947), testimonies are scarce, and *chabolas* are difficult to locate, so only a fraction were likely documented; orders about hut size and location did not survive or were never written down.
- Evident from the text: the study is a single-site, single-season intervention, so broader claims rely on comparison with other Madrid-area camps rather than a larger independent sample.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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- Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 12
In Banus, a minimum of 41 vernacular wheel-turned vessels were recovered versus 35 industrial items dated to the 1940s.
“a minimum number of 41 vernacular, wheel-turned vessels (cooking pots, storage jars, and jugs) were recovered in Ban´ us alone versus 35 industrial items (mainly dishes), dated to the 1940s”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14
Out of 74 animal bones found in the Valley, 65 appeared in the employee's dump.
“Out of 74 animal bones found in the Valley, 65 appeared in the employee ' s dump.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14
In the archaeological record, food scarcity is seen in the virtual absence of faunal remains.
“In the archaeological record, food scarcity is seen in the virtual absence of faunal remains.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 12
Many children lived in the Valley, often for years, attested through small soles, a can of talcum powder for babies, treatments against malnutrition, writing equipment, and toys.
“Many children, in fact, lived in the Valley, often for years. Their presence is again attested through the soles, at times so small that they could only have fit toddlers. Other elements associated with children include a can of talcum powder for babies, treatments against malnutrition, writing equipment (there was a school in the Valley run by a political prisoner), and toys.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14
The metal sheet that covered the prefabricated barracks was salvaged and employed for reinforcing roofs.
“The metal sheet that covered the prefabricated barracks was also salvaged and employed for reinforcing roofs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14
In the Valley, tin cans were transformed into braziers, strainers, skimmers, lamps, toys, and saucepans.
“In the Valley, tin cans were transformed into virtually everything: we have documented braziers, strainers, skimmers, lamps, toys, and saucepans made out of cans”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Shacks, huts, and houses · p. 9
In San Román, of 29 makeshift structures documented, only 12 are chabolas.
“Thus, in San Rom´ an, of 29 makeshift structures that we documented, only 12 are chabolas .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 12
Industrial wares in the Valley were all produced in Spanish factories.
“Industrial wares were all produced in Spanish factories”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 12
Toys are very scarce, with only two items recorded for the 1940s.
“Toys are very scarce (only two items recorded for the 1940s)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14
This contrasts with the dump in the employee's house, where bones of cattle, sheep/goat, pork, domestic rabbit and seals of cold meat were found.
“This contrasts with the dump in the employee ' s house, where bones of cattle, sheep/goat, pork, and domestic rabbit and seals of cold meat were found.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14
Tires were systematically turned into soles, which were used by the inmates and workers.
“Tires, in turn, were systematically turned into soles, which were used by the inmates and workers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 12
In the employee's house of San Roman and associated dumps dated to the 1950s, 35 industrial ware items were located versus only eight traditional pots.
“In the employee ' s house of San Rom´ an and associated dumps, dated, as mentioned above, to the 1950s, we located instead 35 items of industrial ware (dishes, saucers, coffee and tea cups) versus only eight traditional pots.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 15
Hunting has been documented in the form of traps for rabbits and birds, which appeared on the floor of a hut, along with wire and other materials used to prepare them.
“Hunting has been documented in the form of traps for rabbits and birds, which appeared on the floor of a hut, along with wire and other materials used to prepare them.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 15
The largest number of tin cans comes from a big dump associated with the kitchen of Banus.
“As a matter of fact, the largest number of tin cans comes from a big dump associated with the kitchen of Ban´ us.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Conclusions · p. 19
Our surveys and excavations have exposed a 'subaltern assemblage,' composed of the artifacts and huts - a 'minor architecture' - made and used by the political prisoners who labored in the Valley and their families, who were allowed to settle near the barracks.
“Our surveys and excavations have exposed what I have termed a ' subaltern assemblage, ' composed of the artifacts and huts -a ' minor architecture '-made and used by the political prisoners who labored in the Valley and their families, who were allowed to settle near the barracks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Valley of the Fallen was built using political prisoners.
- Findingreasoning§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18
This, along with postings on social media after the dig, put new, powerful images and words in circulation.
“This, along with our postings on social media after the dig, put new, powerful images and words in circulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 15
A total of 49 tin cans was found in the seven casitas excavated in Banus and the associated dumps.
“A total of 49 tin cans was found in both the seven casitas that we excavated in Ban´ us and the associated dumps.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18
For a while, the new assemblage circulated widely.
“For a while, this new assemblage circulated widely.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16
There were no proper corners, the most difficult part of a stone house to build, but just walls that leant on each other at each angle.
“Significantly, there were no proper corners, the most difficult part of a stone house to build, but just walls that leant on each other at each angle.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16
The huts were clumsily made: in most cases they were rubble walls, with stones piled one on top of the other with little skill.
“These were clumsily made: in most cases they were rubble walls, with stones piled one on top of the other with little skill.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given§ Abstract · p. 1
The Valley of the Fallen in Spain remains fully operative as a fascist monument.
“There is one in Spain, however, that remains fully operative: the Valley of the Fallen.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 12
The ceramic repertoire of the shacks is reminiscent of Spanish villages of the 19th century rather than urban contexts of the mid-20th.
“The ceramic repertoire of the shacks, in fact, is reminiscent of Spanish villages of the 19th century, rather than of urban contexts of the mid-20th.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Introduction: Archaeology against dictatorship · p. 2
Camps and monuments were part of the same 'monumental building economy'.
“camps and monuments were part of the same ' monumental building economy ' (Jaskot, 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Jaskot, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14
Rigid tire soles, slashed to soften them, are a materialization of physical suffering: feet bruised, uncomfortable, frozen in winter, burnt in summer.
“Thus, the rigid tire soles, which were slashed so as to soften them, are a materialization of physical suffering: of feet always bruised and uncomfortable, frozen in the winter, burnt in the summer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14
Recycling and makeshift artifacts helped reinforce stereotypes of the vanquished Republicans as 'primitives'.
“Indeed, they helped reinforce stereotypes of the vanquished Republicans as ' primitives. '”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 12
The rich archaeological record provided by the structures and dumps allows reconstruction of everyday life in the Valley of the Fallen during its construction.
“The rich archaeological record provided by the structures and dumps allows us to reconstruct everyday life in the Valley of the Fallen during its construction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Introduction: Archaeology against dictatorship · p. 2
The archaeological work of visibilizing and reassembling can be understood as part of a redistribution of the sensible.
“The archaeological work of visibilizing and reassembling can be understood as part of a redistribution of the sensible, sensu Rancière”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Rancière, 2000 source
- cites González-Ruibal, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Introduction: Archaeology against dictatorship · p. 2
Totalitarian regimes of the 1920s-1940s invested heavily in producing a sublime self-image, materialized in megalomaniacal architectural projects.
“Totalitarian regimes of the 1920s -1940s invested heavily in producing a sublime selfimage, which was materialized in megalomaniacal architectural projects”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hagen and Ostergren, 2019 source
- Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14
The intense wear and abundance of tire soles bear testimony to the hard experience of living, walking, and working amid the granite outcrops and quarries of the Valley.
“Their intense wear and their abundance (they had to be discarded often) bear testimony to the hard experience of living, walking, and working amid the granite outcrops and the quarries of the Valley.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given§ Introduction: Archaeology against dictatorship · p. 2
Fascism and other totalitarian regimes carried out an operation of institutional disassembling: specific parts of the system were separated from the whole, hidden, and made to disappear after use.
“what fascism and other totalitarian regimes carried out was an operation of institutional disassembling: specific parts of the system were separated from the whole, hidden, and made to disappear after use”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 4
The Valley was constructed with the help of forced labor provided by political prisoners.
“As with many other totalitarian monuments, the Valley was constructed with the help of forced labor provided by political prisoners.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Olmeda, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14
Recycling and makeshift artifacts were associated with low class, rusticity, and destitution.
“Recycling and makeshift artifacts were associated, as is often the case, with low class, rusticity, and destitution (Reilly, 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Reilly, 2016 source
- Premisecitation§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 4
The camps marked a shift from a typically fascist paradigm of punishment to a national-Catholic paradigm centered on redemption.
“The camps, however, marked a shift from a typically fascist paradigm of punishment to one that can be more adequately described as nationalCatholic. In this new paradigm, the central concept was ' redemption '”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lafuente, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14
Part of the food supplies for the Valley was often smuggled out of the site and never reached the prisoners.
“We know from testimonies that part of the food supplies for the Valley was often smuggled out of the site and never reached the prisoners (S´ anchez-Albornoz, 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sánchez-Albornoz, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14
Lack of access to consumer goods explains the systematic reuse of things.
“Lack of access to consumer goods also explains the systematic reuse of things.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Abstract · p. 1
Archaeological work undertaken at the Valley of the Fallen is contributing toward destabilizing the dictatorial narrative by opposing the monumental assemblage of fascism to the subaltern assemblage of those who built it.
“I describe how archaeological work undertaken at the Valley of the Fallen is contributing toward destabilizing the dictatorial narrative by opposing the monumental assemblage of fascism to the subaltern assemblage of those who built it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Abstract · p. 1
With the new progressive government that came to power in 2018, the Valley became the object of an ambitious program of resignification in which archaeology has an important role.
“with the new progressive government that came to power in 2018, it has become the object of an ambitious program of resigni fi cation in which archaeology has an important role to play.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ferrándiz, 2019 source
- Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 12
The scarcity of whiteware meant that prisoners and their families had fewer opportunities of reproducing the genteel life characteristic of Spanish homes in the first third of the 20th century.
“The scarcity of whiteware meant that prisoners and their families had fewer opportunities of reproducing the genteel life that was already characteristic of Spanish homes in the first third of the 20th century.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18
The dictatorial regime deliberately brought together the Spanish Empire, geology, and fascist architecture in the Valley of the Fallen.
“The dictatorial regime deliberately brought together the Spanish Empire, geology, and fascist architecture in the Valley of the Fallen.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Conclusions · p. 19
The archaeological remains tell us of the material and social reconstruction of a sense of home - in very difficult conditions - after the long, traumatic experience of war and repression.
“They tell us of the material and social reconstruction of a sense of home -in very difficult conditions -after the long, traumatic experience of war and repression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16
Ordinary family life, or a surrogate of it, was reproduced in the huts.
“Ordinary family life -or a surrogate of it -was, again and after a very long time, reproduced.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 15
In general, people, while not starving, were malnourished.
“In general, people, while not starving, were malnourished.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16
The casitas show the efforts made by their owners to turn those tiny spaces into homes.
“The casitas also talk about the efforts made by their owners to turn those tiny spaces into homes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17
The subaltern assemblage produced (produces) its own affects, memories, and political dispositions.
“And this subaltern assemblage produced (produces) its own affects, memories, and political dispositions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16
The structures are a materialization of the networks of solidarity that emerged in the Valley, which often crisscrossed class.
“The structures are a materialization of the networks of solidarity that emerged in the Valley, which often crisscrossed class”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16
A subaltern community of practice emerged that offered opportunities for sharing knowledge and information.
“A subaltern community of practice emerged that offered opportunities for sharing knowledge and information (Wenger, 1998).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wenger, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16
A close look at the huts reveals the inexperience of the people who built them.
“A close look at the huts reveals something else: the inexperience of the people who built them.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16
Engaging in similar building activities, artifact-making, recycling, and mending fostered specific forms of cooperation between inmates and relatives.
“Engaging in similar building activities, artifact-making, recycling, and mending fostered specific forms of cooperation between inmates and relatives.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 15
Many tin cans had been modified to make artifacts, so they cannot be immediately interpreted as evidence of food consumption.
“We have to bear in mind that many had been modified to make artifacts out of them, so they cannot be immediately interpreted as evidence of food consumption.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16
There are testimonies of mutual help across social and political groups.
“there are testimonies of mutual help across social and political groups (e.g., Tuero, 2015: 134 -135).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tuero, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17
These three dimensions are crucial to understand the two material worlds - the monumental and the subaltern - that emerged and were opposed in the Valley of the Fallen, the friction between them, and their effects in the present.
“These three dimensions are crucial to understand the two material worlds -the monumental and the subaltern -that emerged and were opposed in the Valley of the Fallen, the friction between them, and their effects in the present.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 15
Inmates invested the fraction of the salary that they actually received (the rest went to the state) in purchasing alcoholic drinks, tobacco, and tin cans in the camps' commissaries.
“Inmates invested the fraction of the salary that they actually received (the rest went to the state) in purchasing alcoholic drinks, tobacco, and tin cans in the camps ' commissaries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 15
The presence of medicines for constipation and digestive problems (like Eparema) relates to inadequate food supplies.
“The presence of medicines for constipation and digestive problems (like the aforementioned Eparema) also relates to inadequate food supplies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- It may state two separate claims as one. 75
- Probably not a substantial claim. 44
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 12The space of the barracks was a male-dominated world, while the space of the shacks was overwhelmingly a female world.
“Whereas the space of the barracks was a male-dominated world (prisoners, workers, guards, and foremen), the space of the shacks was overwhelmingly a female world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data§ Shacks, huts, and houses · p. 9The huts had a hearth that was used for heating and cooking.
“The huts had a hearth that was used for heating and cooking.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Shacks, huts, and houses · p. 8In Banús alone, 52 makeshift structures were documented, the large majority forming an agglomeration in the southeast of the site.
“In Ban´ us alone, we documented 52 makeshift structures, the large majority forming an agglomeration in the southeast of the site.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Shacks, huts, and houses · p. 9Chabolas were tiny (2-4 m2), ephemeral huts made with perishable and reused materials and few or no stones.
“We identified as chabolas tiny (2 -4 m 2 ), ephemeral huts made with perishable and reused materials and few or no stones.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Shacks, huts, and houses · p. 9No toilets existed in the huts, neither individual nor collective; people had to solve their needs behind the rocky outcrops and pine trees outside the built area.
“No toilets existed, neither individual nor collective. People had to solve their needs behind the rocky outcrops and pine trees outside the built area.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14Reused artifacts were mended repeatedly; some soles show repairs made with rubber cuts and nails.
“In addition, reused artifacts were mended repeatedly. Some of the soles, for instance, show repairs made with rubber cuts and nails.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 1299% of the artifacts documented for the 1940s in the Valley of the Fallen were produced locally, including foodstuffs, wares, medicines, and tools; the only exceptions are two medicine flasks of Eparema imported from Brazil.
“99% of the artifacts that we have documented for the 1940s were produced locally, including foodstuffs, wares, medicines, and tools. The only exceptions are two medicine flasks of Eparema (a remedy for constipation) imported from Brazil, at the time an ally of Francoist Spain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Shacks, huts, and houses · p. 8Based on archaeological, documentary, and witness evidence, the first improvised structures were shanties, followed by casitas perhaps as late as 1947, and casas do not seem to appear before 1950.
“Based on archaeological, documentary, and witness evidence, it seems that the first improvised structures were shanties, which were followed by casitas perhaps as late as 1947 (although both coexisted); casas as such do not seem to appear before 1950.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Shacks, huts, and houses · p. 8The unofficial settlements occupied more terrain than the official area of the forced labor camps: in San Román the shacks extended for 2.4 ha versus 1.8 ha of planned structures, and in Banús 1.65 ha versus 0.5 ha; overall 4.05 ha of unofficial constructions versus 2.3 ha of planned features, meaning 64% of the built-up space used during the 1940s can only be studied archaeologically.
“in San Rom´ an, the barracks and other planned structures (including a church) covered 1.8 ha, whereas the shacks and other makeshift elements extended for 2.4 ha. The difference is even greater in Ban´ us, where the barracks occupy 0.5 ha and the improvised settlements 1.65. 1 This leaves us with 4.05 ha of unofficial constructions versus 2.3 of planned features, meaning that 64% of the space”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ Shacks, huts, and houses · p. 9The archaeological record shows that the chabolas in Madrid at the time, while small, were roomier, 20 m2 being a common size, and had better materials and a diversity of sizes and shapes than the Valley huts.
“the archaeological record proves the opposite: the chabolas that proliferated in the capital at the time, while small, were roomier, 20 m 2 being a common size, and had better materials and a diversity of sizes and shapes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Shacks, huts, and houses · p. 9Five out of nine excavated huts had between 7.5 and 9 m2 of floor space and the remaining four between 4 and 5 m2.
“Five out of nine excavated huts have between 7.5 and 9 m 2 of floor space and the remaining four between 4 and 5 m 2 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Shacks, huts, and houses · p. 8The settlements were often located in areas out of view from the camp; in Banús the majority of the huts extended along a slope separated from the barracks and the road by a rocky outcrop.
“the settlements were often located in areas out of view from the camp. This was particularly obvious in Ban´ us, where the majority of the huts extended along a slope that was separated from the barracks and the road by a rocky outcrop.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 12Artifacts associated with women are very common in all shacks, attested by the soles of women's shoes, a coin purse, and material culture related to gendered activities, mainly cooking; objects unambiguously associated with men are much less common.
“artifacts associated with women are very common in all of them. Their presence is attested in several ways: the soles of women ' s shoes, a coin purse, and the material culture related to gendered activities, mainly cooking. Objects unambiguously associated with men (shoes, soles, and mason ' s tools) are much less common.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 15Few tin cans have been found (mostly of sardines and tuna) and not many bottles, either.
“But few tin cans have been actually found (mostly of sardines and tuna) and not many bottles, either.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18National Heritage, the owner of the place, did not allow the authors to disseminate their work through social media or organize open days and guided visits as planned, because they were scared of controversy and potential litigation by far right groups and wanted a low profile.
“National Heritage, the owner of the place, did not allow us to disseminate our work through social media or organize open days and guided visits, as we had planned: they were scared of both controversy and potential litigation by far right groups and they wanted us to keep a low profile.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16The huts were half dug, both to preserve the temperature inside and to reinforce the shaky walls.
“They were half dug, both to preserve the temperature inside and to reinforce the shaky walls.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17The monument was built next to El Escorial, incorporates architectural and iconographic elements of the Spanish Empire, and includes actual objects from the 16th and 17th centuries such as tapestries in the basilica.
“This was done in a variety of ways: by building the monument next to King Philipp II ' s magnum opus, El Escorial -the Valley is, still today, part of an ' Imperial Route ' (Delso et al., 2018: 131; Sol´ e Barjau, 2017); by incorporating architectural and iconographic elements of the period; and by including actual objects from the 16th and 17th centuries, such as the enormous tapestries that”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Delso et al., 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Solé Barjau, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16Around the hearths, stone benches were found, and there were also stools made from crates and other makeshift furniture.
“Around these hearths we found stone benches, and there were also stools made from crates and other makeshift furniture (Sueiro, 2019: 50).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sueiro, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18This provoked a crisis of representation in the visual economy of the monument serious enough for extreme right associations and lawyers to threaten legal action and to expose their anxieties in social media through failed attempts at counteracting the new imagery.
“This provoked a crisis of representation in the visual economy of the monument serious enough for extreme right associations and lawyers to threaten us with legal action and to expose their anxieties in social media through failed attempts at counteracting the new imagery that we were producing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 15A rabbit bone was found in one of the structures.
“A rabbit bone was also found in one of the structures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18Media were allowed on two specific days, which the authors used to make their work public.
“However, media were allowed on two specific days, which we used to make our work public.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16The huts were standardized in shape and size and from the outside looked all the same, with rough rubble walls and low, thatched roofs.
“they are standardized in shape and size and from the outside they surely looked all the same, with their rough rubble walls and low, thatched roofs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17This is the assemblage that has always been visible since the inauguration of the site in 1959.
“This is the assemblage that has always been visible since the inauguration of the site in 1959.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16The most elaborate and distinctive element in all shacks, even the smallest, is the hearth.
“It is worth noting that the most elaborate and distinctive element in all shacks, even the smallest, is the hearth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16Inside each family tried to make their home unique: they arranged the available space differently, put in stone benches, erected chimneys, added stone-paved courtyards, and placed the sleeping area in different zones.
“Yet inside each family tried to make their home unique: they arranged the only available space in different ways, put in stone benches, erected chimneys, added stone-paved courtyards, and placed the sleeping area in different zones in each case.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17These included barracks and disinfection chambers, kitchens and quarries, shacks, shanties and dismal houses, orchards, infirmaries, commissaries, traps, and paths.
“These included barracks and disinfection chambers, kitchens and quarries, shacks, shanties and dismal houses, orchards, infirmaries, commissaries, traps, and paths.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18The friction brings up memories: of Martín Sancho, a child who lived there in 1947 and visited during the dig looking for buried toys; of Pilar Barros, whose sister was born in one of the shacks; of a TV crew member whose grandfather had been interned in a forced labor camp; and of the authors and others who knew about the excavations through the media.
“It brings up memories: the memories of Mart´ ı n Sancho, a child who lived there in 1947 and who visited us during our dig, looking for the toys that he buried somewhere under an old tree; the memories of Pilar Barros, whose sister was born in one of those shacks; those of a member of a TV crew whose grandfather had been interned in a forced labor camp; our own personal remembrances and those of”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ Shacks, huts, and houses · p. 9The miniscule size of the huts belies the benevolent account of the Valley spread by defenders of the dictatorship, who argue that people living in shanties in Madrid were much worse off than those working to build the monument.
“The miniscule size of the huts alone already belies the benevolent account of the Valley recently spread by some defenders of the dictatorship. They argue that people living in shanties in Madrid were much worse off”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bárcena Pérez, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ Shacks, huts, and houses · p. 9The minuscule size and standardization observed in the Valley has been documented in other labor camps in the Madrid region during the 1940s, indicating that strict orders regarding the dimensions and shape of the huts were issued.
“The minuscule size and standardization observed in the Valley, instead, has been documented in other labor camps in the Madrid region during the 1940s, which means that, as in the case of the location of the settlements, strict orders, which have not survived (or were never written down), were issued regarding the dimensions and shape of the huts”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Falquina Aparicio et al., 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites González-Ruibal, 2020 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14Relatives used commercial shoes, indicating that the best footwear was reserved for women and children.
“Relatives, instead, used commercial shoes, which is indicative that the best footwear was reserved for women and children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 3The Francoist regime explicitly acknowledged fascist inspiration, including Franco's desire for a totalitarian regime and fascist ideologues' acknowledgment of Nazi Germany and Mussolini's Italy.
“the dictator publicly expressed his desire to build a totalitarian regime in Spain (Andr´ es-Gallego, 1997: 28) and fascist ideologues, politicians, and intellectuals acknowledged the inspiration of Nazi Germany and Mussolini ' s Italy (Janu´ e i Miret, 2015)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Andrés-Gallego, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Janué i Miret, 2015 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 4In 1942 penal battalions with Republican war prisoners were mobilized to work in the Valley, and in 1943 three forced labor camps were established.
“In 1942, penal battalions with Republican war prisoners were mobilized to work in the Valley and, when it was realized that they were not enough, three forced labor camps ( destacamentos penales ) were established in 1943”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Olmeda, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Excavating the Valley · p. 5A legal ruling authorized the disinterment of the Lapeña brothers, but the families encountered religious, bureaucratic, political, and legal obstacles that prevented the exhumations from being carried out.
“a firm legal ruling authorized the disinterment of anarchist brothers Manuel and Antonio Ramiro Lapeña, executed in 1936 and transferred to the monument in 1959. The families, however, encountered a Kafkaesque labyrinth of religious, bureaucratic, political, and legal obstacles, which have prevented the exhumations from being carried out”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ferrándiz, 2019 source
Probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Abstract · p. 1The Valley provides a material narrative that exalts the dictatorship.
“provides a material narrative that exalts the dictatorship”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 5Political prisoners were tasked with the hardest part of the construction work, including perforating the granite outcrop and breaking up stones for the road.
“Political prisoners were tasked with the hardest part of the construction work: perforating the granite outcrop to build the subterranean basilica and breaking up stones for the road.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 3The monument was devised in 1940 and officially presented as a mausoleum for the Nationalist dead, not all the dead.
“when the monument was devised in 1940, it was officially presented as a mausoleum for those killed fighting ' for God and for Spain, ' that is, the Nationalist faction who fought against the Spanish Republic or those who were murdered in the Republican rearguard”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Solé Barjau, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Abstract · p. 1The Valley keeps the bodies of thousands of victims of the conflict, the leading fascist ideologue, and the dictator himself.
“keeps the bodies of thousands of victims of the con fl ict, as well as the leading fascist ideologue and the dictator himself”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 5In 2018 the new progressive government decided to undertake a radical transformation of the complex, including the exhumation of Franco and plans to exhume Republican victims and resignify the monument.
“In 2018, a new progressive government decided to undertake a radical transformation of the complex. The first move was the exhumation of General Franco, who was reburied in a family mausoleum elsewhere in Madrid. Other plans include the exhumation of some of the Republican victims”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ferrándiz, 2019 source
Probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14Jason de León (2013) demonstrated that use wear can allow understanding the bodily experience of things, including pain.
“Jason de León (2013) has powerfully demonstrated that use wear can be more than just a way of knowing how people use objects: it can also allow us to understand the bodily experience of things, including pain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites de León, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 3The Spanish Civil War ended with the defeat of the Second Spanish Republic and the imposition of a fascist-style dictatorship headed by Francisco Franco.
“The Spanish Civil War, which lasted from 1936 to 1939, ended with the defeat of a democratic regime -the Second Spanish Republic -and the imposition of a fascist-style dictatorship, headed by a leader with absolute powers: General Francisco Franco.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 4Although workers volunteered to go to the Valley, their labor can be considered forced because they had no real choice.
“Although workers volunteered to go the Valley, this kind of labor can be considered forced, as they had no real choice (either hard work for a few years or spending long terms in insalubrious prisons).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 5The discourse of reconciliation was only a discourse; in practice the monument continued celebrating the Francoist victory in the war.
“The discourse of reconciliation was only that: a discourse. In practice, the monument continued celebrating the Francoist victory in the war.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Abstract · p. 1With the advent of democracy in 1978, the Valley remained unchanged, untouchable, and an important focus for fascist and extreme right celebrations, both national and international.
“With the advent of democracy in 1978, the Valley remained unchanged, untouchable, and an important focus for fascist and extreme right celebrations, both national and international.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Introduction: Archaeology against dictatorship · p. 2The irruption of the subaltern assemblage in fascist materialities can potentially create a crisis of representation in the visual economy of dictatorship.
“If the friction between the subaltern and the monumental assemblage works, it can potentially create a crisis of representation in the visual economy of dictatorship.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 5Many of those who labored in the basilica died of lung diseases, namely silicosis, a few years after leaving the Valley, because they worked in a dusty environment with no protection.
“many of those who labored in the basilica died of lung diseases, namely silicosis, a few years after leaving the Valley, since they had to work in the dusty environment with no protection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14For those who had never used tire soles before, it was an added punishment, humiliation, and reminder of social downgrading.
“For those who had never used the tire soles before, it was an added punishment, a humiliation, a reminder of their social downgrading.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 12The difference between ceramic assemblages is due to purchasing power, not the autarkic economy; purchasing power was greater for the employee than for prisoners and in the 1950s than in the 1940s.
“so the difference has not to do with the more or less autarkic economy of these decades, but with purchasing power (greater for the Dmp employee than for the prisoners and in the 1950s than in the 1940s).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 3The crypts inside the basilica contained the remains of some 33,000 people killed in the war.
“In the crypts inside the basilica were buried the remains of some 33,000 people killed in the war.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 3Construction works at the Valley started in 1940 and ended in 1959.
“works started in 1940 and only ended in 1959”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Sueiro (2019 [1976])
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Olmeda (2009)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 14Unlike in prisons and concentration camps, inmates did not starve in the Valley, but the food they received was insufficient, of poor quality, and scarcely varied: the diet was based on grass peas, legumes, flour, and rice, with no fresh vegetables or meat other than lard.
“Unlike in prisons and concentration camps, inmates did not starve in the Valley, but the food that they received was insufficient, of poor quality, and scarcely varied: the diet was based on grass peas, legumes, flour, and rice, with no fresh vegetables or meat other than lard (Olmeda, 2009: 69, 89; Sueiro, 2019).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Olmeda, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Sueiro, 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 5The labor camps in the Valley operated between 1943 and 1950.
“The labor camps in the Valley operated between 1943 and 1950.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
Premisenone given§ Excavating the Valley · p. 5The Valley of the Fallen is being excavated in two different ways: exhumations in the crypts of the basilica and archaeological investigation of the spaces associated with work and punishment.
“The Valley of the Fallen is in fact being excavated in two different ways: on the one hand, exhumations in the crypts of the basilica were scheduled for December 2021”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 5Shortly before the monument was completed, the authorities presented it as a monument to national reconciliation and buried some 8000 Republican victims inside the basilica, in most cases without the consent of their relatives.
“Shortly before it was completed, the authorities decided to present it as a monument to national reconciliation. For this, they took the bodies of some 8000 Republican victims and buried them inside the basilica, in most cases without the consent of their relatives”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gallego Vila and Queralt Barjau, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ Shacks, huts, and houses · p. 8Huts were erected in quarries, indicating orders from above about the zones where settlements could be established, so they are better called improvised or unofficial rather than spontaneous.
“huts were erected in quarries, which means that there were orders from above indicating the zones where settlements could be established: this is why it is better to call them improvised or unofficial rather than spontaneous.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Falquina Aparicio et al., 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ The Valley of the Fallen · p. 3The finished complex included a rock-hewn basilica larger than Saint Peter's in Rome, the tallest Christian cross ever erected (150 m), and an abbey.
“the complex included a rock-hewn basilica that was larger than Saint Peter ' s in Rome, the tallest Christian cross ever erected (150 m), and an abbey”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 12Ceramic cooking vessels were cheaper than industrial enameled metal wares, so prisoners' relatives used both ceramic pots and reused cans to prepare meals.
“Ceramic cooking vessels were cheaper than industrial, enameled metal wares, so the prisoners ' relatives were using both ceramic pots and reused cans to prepare meals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 12Traditional pottery was still very much alive in Spain in the 1930s, but the post-war crisis seems to have boosted this declining industry.
“As for the recovery of local crafts, traditional pottery was still very much alive in Spain in the 1930s, but the post-war crisis seems to have been a boost for this declining industry.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Abstract · p. 1The Valley complex was devised by Francisco Franco and celebrates the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War.
“The complex, devised by the dictator Francisco Franco, celebrates the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War (1936 -1939)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16The result was a characteristic material world that is not too different from other archaeological assemblages.
“The result was a characteristic material world that is not too different from other archaeological assemblages.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 15Lack of sufficient and adequate food affected children most: flasks of dietary supplements (Ceregumil and Glefina) specifically administered to them have been found in Banus.
“Lack of sufficient and adequate food affected the children most: flasks of dietary supplements, popular in the post-war period, such as Ceregumil and Glefina, that were specifically administered to them, have been found in Ban´ us.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18Stoner opposes the work of the camp barrack to the work of minor architectures: the first reifies, excludes, and homogenizes; the other rehumanizes, includes, and encourages diversity.
“Stoner (2018: 84 -86) opposes the work of the camp barrack to the work of minor architectures: the first reifies, excludes, and homogenizes; the other rehumanizes, includes, and encourages diversity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stoner, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18For the new assemblage to effectively and lastingly subvert the visual economy of the dictatorship, it has to remain - physically and virtually - and be continuously activated.
“For the new assemblage to effectively and lastingly subvert the visual economy of the dictatorship, it has to remain -physically and virtually -and be continuously activated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 15Prisoners and their families could complete their meager diet by cultivating orchards, purchasing tin cans in the commissary, and hunting.
“The prisoners and their families could complete their meager diet in three ways: cultivating orchards, of which we found the stone enclosures in Ban´ us, purchasing tin cans in the camps ' commissary, and hunting.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown data§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17With our archaeological work, we have shown that the picture was incomplete, that there were other elements and actors that made up the Valley of the Fallen and that had been whisked away.
“With our archaeological work, we have shown that the picture was incomplete, that there were other elements and actors that made up the Valley of the Fallen and that had been whisked away.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18Jill Stoner has called the improvised settlements 'minor architecture'.
“We can also look at the improvised settlements through the prism of what Jill Stoner (2018 [2012]) has called ' minor architecture. '”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stoner, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18Hamilakis argues that an assemblage is a 'deliberate act of bringing together'.
“Hamilakis (2017: 175) argues that an assemblage is a ' deliberate act of bringing together. '”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hamilakis, 2017 source
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17Our work in the Valley of the Fallen has documented a material world that was hitherto unknown.
“Our work in the Valley of the Fallen has documented a material world that was hitherto unknown.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17The Valley is an excellent example of the architectural sublime, which awes and inspires terror, and of carefully planned fascist spectacles.
“It is an excellent example of the architectural sublime, which awes and inspires terror at the same time (Burke, 1958), and of the carefully planned fascist spectacles (Falasca-Zamponi, 1997).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationcitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18We deliberately brought them together with huts, tin cans, and medicines for malnutrition.
“We deliberately brought them together with huts, tin cans, and medicines for malnutrition.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusions · p. 19The archaeological remains unmake, with their unquestionable material presence, the myths created by the apologists of the dictatorship, past and present, and remind us of poverty, hunger, and disease.
“They unmake, with their unquestionable material presence, the myths created by the apologists of the dictatorship, past and present, and remind us of poverty, hunger, and disease.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18The shacks and huts of the Valley, the chabolas and casitas, are at the same time minor architecture, antimonument, and countermemory.
“The shacks and huts of the Valley, the chabolas and casitas , are at the same time minor architecture, antimonument, and countermemory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown data§ Conclusions · p. 19The archaeological remains tell us of the women and children who shared the fate of the prisoners and contributed to their psychological and physical well-being.
“The archaeological remains tell us of the women and children who shared the fate of the prisoners and contributed to their psychological and physical well-being.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18Now the colossal monument has to compete with humble chabolas; the imperial tapestries with soles made of recycled tire.
“Now the colossal monument has to compete with humble chabolas ; the imperial tapestries with soles made of recycled tire.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16This partly explains why the labor camps were dissolved in 1950: once the infrastructure of the monument was built, the work of professional stonemasons was required for the facades and sculptural work.
“This partly explains why the labor camps were dissolved in 1950: once the infrastructure of the monument was built, the work of professional stonemasons was required for the facades and sculptural work.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Only a fraction of the thousands of prisoners had any professional experience as masons, carpenters, or bricklayers.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18The friction between the monumental assemblage and the subaltern one creates today its own affects: anger, sadness, and incomprehension.
“The friction between the monumental assemblage and the subaltern one creates today its own affects: anger and sadness and incomprehension.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17Yannis Hamilakis (2017) argued that three features are usually disregarded in discussions of archaeological assemblages: the affective/sensorial, the mnemonic/temporal, and the political.
“Yannis Hamilakis (2017) has argued that there are three features that are usually disregarded in discussions of archaeological assemblages: the affective/sensorial, the mnemonic/temporal, and the political.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hamilakis, 2017 source
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18Minor architectures represent a challenge to authority and a political action that silences heroic aspirations in favor of a collective and inclusive voice.
“As such, they represent a challenge to authority and a political action that ' silence heroic aspirations in favor of a collective and inclusive voice ' (Stoner, 2018: 38).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stoner, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18Stoner sees minor architectures as those which subvert the myths of major architecture: they are ephemeral, based on improvisation, often thriving amid the detritus of other constructions or within the already-built, and express a latent and powerful desire to unmake the structures of power.
“She sees minor architectures as those which ' subvert the myths of major architecture ' (Stoner, 2018: 22): they are ephemeral, based on improvisation, often thriving amid the detritus of other constructions (like the quarries of the Valley of the Fallen) or within the already-built, and express a latent and powerful desire to unmake the structures of power (Stoner, 2018: 28).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stoner, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17The entire architecture of the Valley was devised to cause a lasting affective impression by combining natural and artificial elements: it intends to excite the senses and subdue the visitor.
“The entire architecture of the Valley was devised to cause a lasting affective impression by combining natural and artificial elements: it intends to excite the senses and subdue the visitor”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16The shared fate of the prisoners and relatives created a sense of identity, reinforced by the material world that they created together: a subaltern assemblage.
“The shared fate of the prisoners and relatives created a sense of identity, but this was surely reinforced by the material world that they created together: a subaltern assemblage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Conclusions · p. 19This subaltern assemblage, which survived buried underground, now offers a powerful counterpoint to the monumental assemblage, the only one visible and public so far.
“This subaltern assemblage, which survived buried underground, now offers a powerful counterpoint to the monumental assemblage, the only one visible and public so far.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17The shacks encouraged love and intimacy, and the improvised settlements a solidarity that transgressed class and party politics and that was largely sustained by women.
“The shacks encouraged love and intimacy, the improvised settlements a solidarity that transgressed class and party politics and that was largely sustained by women.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown data§ Conclusions · p. 19Several initiatives are now under way to reshape the Valley of the Fallen, and archaeology is playing an important role in the process.
“Several initiatives are now under way to reshape it: I have shown here how archaeology is playing an important role in the process.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17We completed the picture and by completing it turned the Valley into another place.
“We completed the picture and by completing it turned the Valley into another place.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17These elements were not completely unknown, but they were hidden from view and all but forgotten.
“Not that they were completely unknown, but they were hidden from view and all but forgotten.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17Assemblages in archaeology are today seen as made up of humans and non-humans, tangible and intangible elements: people, things, plants, animals, ideas, institutions, and biogeochemical process.
“Assemblages in archaeology are today seen as made up of humans and non-humans, tangible and intangible elements: people, things, plants, animals, ideas, institutions, and biogeochemical process (Witmore, 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Witmore, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17The sensorial and the mnemonic were manipulated with political aims: to create an aggrandizing, imperial narrative of the regime.
“The sensorial and the mnemonic, in turn, were manipulated with political aims: to create an aggrandizing, imperial narrative of the regime.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17Although the improvised settlements and the forced labor camps were part of the assemblage that was (is) the Valley of the Fallen, they also gave rise to their own material world.
“Although the improvised settlements and the forced labor camps were part of the assemblage that was (is) the Valley of the Fallen, they also gave rise to their own material world.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16The strong similarities between the different huts mean that people were helping each other and learning from each other.
“At the same time, the strong similarities between the different huts mean that people were helping each other and learning from each other.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18Minor architectures disrupt authoritarian architectures not only because they defy formal rules, but also because they are a material mode of escape, an appropriation of the prison cell.
“They disrupt authoritarian architectures not only because they defy their formal rules, but also because they are a material mode of escape, an appropriation of the prison cell (Stoner, 2018: 60).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stoner, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusions · p. 19The friction between the two material worlds - the monument and the antimonument, the major and the minor architecture - is provoking a crisis in the visual economy of fascism and exposing its inconsistencies, including the alleged role of the memorial in bringing reconciliation to Spain.
“The friction between these two material worlds -the monument and the antimonument, the major and the minor architecture -is provoking a crisis in the visual economy of fascism and exposing its inconsistencies, including the alleged role of the memorial in bringing reconciliation to Spain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18The subaltern assemblage subverts the sublime assemblage of fascism.
“The subaltern assemblage subverts the sublime assemblage of fascism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown data§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 15Prisoners and their relatives could mine the dump for cans to recycle and were surely doing so, insofar as the most common cans found in association with shacks are large containers identical to those used in the barracks' kitchen.
“The prisoners and their relatives could mine the dump for cans to recycle and this is what they were surely doing, insofar as the most common cans found in association with shacks are large containers identical to those used in the barracks ' kitchen.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The making of a subaltern community · p. 16These huts were the first spaces of privacy for traumatized people, where men and women had intimate relations, children spent time with their parents, families told stories and shared news, and babies were born.
“These were thus the first spaces of privacy for traumatized people, where men and women had intimate relations, children spent time with their parents, families told stories and shared news, babies were born.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The huts were the first real home these families had had in a decade or more; men were separated from families in 1936, interned in concentration camps and then prisons, and some had not seen their families in seven years or more.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusions · p. 19Archaeology, by exposing the subaltern assemblage, elicits new affects, memories, and politics and changes the focus: from the sublime and heroic to the humble and ordinary; from the exaltation of death to the celebration of life and resistance.
“Archaeology, by exposing the subaltern assemblage, elicits new affects, memories, and politics and changes the focus: from the sublime and heroic to the humble and ordinary; from the exaltation of death to the celebration of life and resistance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 17The time of the shanties was not that of Imperial Spain, but the deep time of the vernacular, of peasant tradition - the stone walls, the wheel-turned pottery, and the makeshift objects.
“The time of the shanties was not that of Imperial Spain, but the deep time of the vernacular, of peasant tradition -the stone walls, the wheel-turned pottery, and the makeshift objects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ Discussion: Subaltern assemblages, minor architectures · p. 18This no longer depends on the authors alone, but on institutions, the government, and social will.
“This no longer depends on us alone, but on institutions, the government, and social will.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Since 1945, most fascist monuments in Western Europe have disappeared or been deactivated.
“Since 1945, most fascist monuments have disappeared or been deactivated in Western Europe.”
The paper relies on this without support.
With the advent of democracy in 1978, the Valley remained unchanged, untouchable, and an important focus for fascist and extreme right celebrations, both national and international.
“With the advent of democracy in 1978, the Valley remained unchanged, untouchable, and an important focus for fascist and extreme right celebrations, both national and international.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many of those who labored in the basilica died of lung diseases, namely silicosis, a few years after leaving the Valley, because they worked in a dusty environment with no protection.
“many of those who labored in the basilica died of lung diseases, namely silicosis, a few years after leaving the Valley, since they had to work in the dusty environment with no protection.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The labor camps in the Valley operated between 1943 and 1950.
“The labor camps in the Valley operated between 1943 and 1950.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Political prisoners were tasked with the hardest part of the construction work, including perforating the granite outcrop and breaking up stones for the road.
“Political prisoners were tasked with the hardest part of the construction work: perforating the granite outcrop to build the subterranean basilica and breaking up stones for the road.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The huts were erected in quarries, indicating orders from above about the zones where settlements could be established.
“huts were erected in quarries, which means that there were orders from above indicating the zones where settlements could be established”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Valley of the Fallen was built using political prisoners.
“The Valley of the Fallen, a memorial built after the Spanish Civil War (1936 -1939) using political prisoners, is the main fascist monument still fully active in Western Europe.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The huts were the first real home these families had had in a decade or more; men were separated from families in 1936, interned in concentration camps and then prisons, and some had not seen their families in seven years or more.
“We have to bear in mind that these huts were the first real home that these families had had in a decade or more: men were separated from their families in 1936 to go to war, then they were interned in concentration camps and then prisons: when they arrived in the Valley some had not seen their families in seven years or more.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Only a fraction of the thousands of prisoners had any professional experience as masons, carpenters, or bricklayers.
“Only a fraction of the thousands of prisoners had any professional experience as masons, carpenters, or bricklayers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Valley of the Fallen is the main fascist monument still fully active in Western Europe.
“The Valley of the Fallen, a memorial built after the Spanish Civil War (1936 -1939) using political prisoners, is the main fascist monument still fully active in Western Europe.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Valley of the Fallen still attracts thousands of fascist and extreme right visitors from Spain and the world.
“Virtually untouched since the death of its creator, General Francisco Franco, it still attracts thousands of fascist and extreme right visitors from Spain and the world.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There were bouts of famine during which free workers abandoned Cuelgamuros.
“There were also bouts of famine, during which free workers abandoned Cuelgamuros.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- González-Ruibal, A.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Heritage Sciences - Spanish National Research Council (Incipit-CSIC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Venue
- Journal of Social Archaeology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-12-23
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 26-47
- ISSN
- 1469-6053 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2951
- OpenAlex
- W4200453322
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Social Archaeology (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Secretaría de Estado de Memoria Democrática, Ministerio de Presidencia, España (205-MD-2020)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Spanish Culture and Identity
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Spanish History and Politics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
- Keywords
- Valley of the Fallen, Francisco Franco, fascist monuments, Spanish Civil War, monumentality, fascist ideology, far right, Spanish democracy, archaeology of memory
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