Diabetes and thyroid disorders
Abstract
It has long been recognised that thyroid hormones have marked effects on glucose homeostasis. Glucose intolerance is associated with hyperthyroidism and most recently it was shown that hypothyroidism is characterised by insulin resistance. Although autoimmune thyroid disease is more prevalent in type 1 diabetes as a result of their common origin, in patients with type 2 diabetes the prevalence of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism is similar to that of the general population. However, in type 2 diabetic patients, the presence of the highly frequent sub-clinical forms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism should be ruled out since they may be associated with higher cardiovascular risk. While there are no doubts about the therapeutic impact of normalising hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, the information available about the benefit of treating subclinical thyroid disease in diabetes remains insufficient.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Significantly increased mortality and rate of complications have been reported in endocrinopathies associated diabetes.
“Significantly increased mortality and rate of complications have been reported in these endocrinopathies associated diabetes (2, 9).”
From The progression of secondary diabetes: A review of modeling studies (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Cites
Hollowell, J. G., Staehling, N. W., Flanders, W. D., Hannon, W. H., Gunter, E. W., Spencer, C. A., & Braverman, L. E. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.87.2.489 · Cited by 4,279 · see citing works
The Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study
Canaris, G. J., Manowitz, N. R., Mayor, G., & Ridgway, E. C. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.4.526 · Cited by 2,824 · see citing works
DeGroot, L. J., Abalovich, M., Alexander, E. K., Amino, N., Barbour, L. A., Cobin, R. H., Eastman, C. J., Lazarus, J. H., Luton, D., Mandel, S. J., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2803 · Cited by 1,862 · see citing works
Subclinical Thyroid Disease: Scientific Review and Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management
Surks, M. I., Ortiz, E., Daniels, G. H., Sawin, C. T., Col, N. F., Cobin, R. H., Franklyn, J. A., Hershman, J. M., Burman, K. D., Denke, M. A., et al. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.2.228 · Cited by 1,800 · see citing works
The Clinical Significance of Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction
Biondi, B., & Cooper, D. S. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2006-0043 · Cited by 1,418 · see citing works
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2008
Dora, J. M., Kramer, C. K., & Canani, L. H. S. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-0109 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
Abalovich, M., Amino, N., Barbour, L. A., Cobin, R. H., DeGroot, L. J., Glinoer, D., Mandel, S. J., & Stagnaro‐Green, A. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0141 · Cited by 929 · see citing works
Surks, M. I., & Hollowell, J. G. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1499 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Meta-analysis: Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction and the Risk for Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality
Ochs, N., Auer, R., Bauer, D. C., Nanchen, D., Gussekloo, J., Cornuz, J., & Rodondi, N. (2008) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-11-200806030-00225 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Studies of insulin resistance in patients with clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism
Maratou, E., Hadjidakis, D., Κόλλιας, Α., TSEGKA, K. G., Peppa, Μ., Alevizaki, M., Mitrou, P., Lambadiari, V., Boutati, E. I., Nikzas, D., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-08-0797 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Frequency of Thyroid Dysfunction in Diabetic Patients: Value of Annual Screening
Perros, P., McCrimmon, R. J., Shaw, G., & Frier, B. M. (1995) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00553.x · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Razvi, S., Shakoor, A., Vanderpump, M., Weaver, J. U., & Pearce, S. H. S. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0167 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone in health and disease
Boelaert, K., & Franklyn, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.1.06131 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone mimetics: potential applications in atherosclerosis, obesity and type 2 diabetes
Baxter, J. D., & Webb, P. (2009) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2830 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Insulin Action in Adipose Tissue and Muscle in Hypothyroidism
Dimitriadis, G., Mitrou, P., Lambadiari, V., Boutati, E., Maratou, E., Panagiotakos, D. B., Koukkou, E., Tzanela, M., Thalassinos, N., & Raptis, S. A. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0478 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Bakker, S. J. L., ter Maaten, J. C., Popp‐Snijders, C., Slaets, J. P. J., Heine, R. J., & Gans, R. O. B. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.3.7324 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Chen, H. ‐., Wu, T. ‐. J., Jap, T. ‐., Lu, R. ‐., Wang, M. ‐., Chen, R. ‐., & Lin, H. ‐. (2007) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02270.x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Effect of thyroid hormone excess on action, secretion, and metabolism of insulin in humans
Dimitriadis, G., Baker, B., Marsh, H. W., Mandarino, L. J., Rizza, R., Bergman, R. N., Mw, H., & Gerich, J. E. (1985) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1985.248.5.e593 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Haentjens, P., Van Meerhaeghe, A., Poppe, K., & Velkeniers, B. (2008) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-08-0110 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
TSH-Lowering Effect of Metformin in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Cappelli, C., Rotondi, M., Pirola, I., Agosti, B., Gandossi, E., Valentini, U., De Martino, E., Cimino, A., Chiovato, L., Agabiti-Rosei, E., et al. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0273 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormones, Gonadal and Adrenocortical Steroids and the Function of the Islets of Langerhans
Lenzen, S., & Bailey, C. J. (1984) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-5-3-411 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
In Vivo Regulation of Human Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression by Thyroid Hormone
Clément, K., Viguerie, N., Diehn, M., Alizadeh, A., Barbe, P., Thalamas, C., Storey, J. D., Brown, P. O., Barsh, G. S., & Langin, D. (2002) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.207702 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Excess thyroid hormone and carbohydrate metabolism
Potenza, M., Via, M. A., & Yanagisawa, R. T. (2009) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.15.3.254 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Chubb, S. A. P., Davis, W. A., Inman, Z., & Davis, T. M. E. (2005) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02246.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Prevalence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Uzunlulu, M., Yorulmaz, E., & Oğuz, A. (2007) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.k06-124 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Chubb, S. A. P., Davis, W. A., & Davis, T. M. E. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0298 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Weinstein, S. P., O'Boyle, E., Fisher, M. L., & Haber, R. S. (1994) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.135.2.8033812 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Okajima, F., & Ui, M. (1979) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1820565 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Response of glucose disposal to hyperinsulinaemia in human hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
Rochon, C., Tauveron, I., Dejax, C., BENOIT, P., Capitan, P., Fabricio, A. S. C., BERRY, C., Champredon, C., Thiéblot, P., & Grizard, J. (2002) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs1040007 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Regulation of Human Adipocyte Gene Expression by Thyroid Hormone
Viguerie, N., Millet, L., Avizou, S., Vidal, H., Larrouy, D., & Langin, D. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.2.8200 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Handisurya, A., Pacini, G., Tura, A., Gessl, A., & Kautzky‐Willer, A. (2008) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03280.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Gambelunghe, G., Forini, F., Laureti, S., Murdolo, G., Toraldo, G., Santeusanio, F., Brunetti, P., Sanjeevi, C. B., & Falorni, A. (2000) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00983.x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Peripheral Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone and Glucose Homeostasis
Chidakel, A. R., Mentuccia, D., & Celi, F. S. (2005) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2005.15.899 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Potential therapeutic applications of thyroid hormone analogs
Brenta, G., Danzi, S. E., & Klein, I. L. (2007) · Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0590 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, J., Liu, W., Shi, J. C., & Li, Y. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1784 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Other complications and associated conditions with diabetes in children and adolescents
Kordonouri, O., Maguire, A., Knip, M., Schober, E., Lorini, R., Holl, R. W., & Donaghue, K. C. (2009) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00573.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Starkey, K. J., Heufelder, A. E., Baker, G. R. C., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020987 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. I. Prevalence and clinical relevance
Wiersinga, W. (1995) · The Netherlands Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0300-2977(94)00089-r · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Responsive Genes in Cultured Human Fibroblasts
Moeller, L. C., Dumitrescu, A. M., Walker, R. L., Meltzer, P. S., & Refetoff, S. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1768 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ortega, E., Koška, J., Pannacciulli, N., Bunt, J. C., & Krakoff, J. A. (2008) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-07-0592 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Venero, C. V., & Thompson, P. D. (2009) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2008.11.002 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Insulin levels in thyrotoxicosis and primary myxoedema: Response to intravenous glucose and glucagon
Andreani, D., Menzinger, G., Fallucca, F., et al. (1970) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00425884 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Other complications and associated conditions
Kordonouri, O., Maguire, A., Knip, M., Schober, E., Lorini, R., Holl, R. W., & Donaghue, K. C. (2007) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00249.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Acute Thyroid Hormone Withdrawal in Athyreotic Patients Results in a State of Insulin Resistance
Brenta, G., Celi, F. S., Pisarev, M. A., Schnitman, M., Sinay, I. R., & Arias, P. (2009) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2009.0108 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationPeripheral and Hepatic Insulin Antagonism in Hyperthyroidism*
Shen, D., Davidson, M. B., Kuo, S., & Sheu, W. H. (1988) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-66-3-565 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Effect of thyroid hormones on oxidative and nonoxidative glucose metabolism in humans
Müller, M. J., Acheson, K. J., Jéquier, E., & Burger, A. (1988) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1988.255.2.e146 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Fasting and postabsorptive hepatic glucose and insulin metabolism in hyperthyroidism
Raboudi, N., Arem, R., Jones, R. H., et al. (1989) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1989.256.1.e159 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Dimitriadis, G., Mitrou, P., Lambadiari, V., Boutati, E. I., Maratou, E., Koukkou, E. G., Panagiotakos, D. B., Tountas, N., Economopoulos, T., & Raptis, S. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2832 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Triiodothyronine (T3)-mediated toxicity and induction of apoptosis in insulin-producing INS-1 cells
Ximenes, H. M. D. A., Lortz, S., Jörns, A., et al. (2007) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2007.03.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Glucose Turnover and Indices of Recycling in Thyrotoxicosis and Primary Thyroid Failure
McCulloch, A. J., Nosadini, R., Pernet, A., et al. (1983) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0640041 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis in the Miniature Pig*
Müller, M. J., Paschen, U., SEITZ, H. J., et al. (1983) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-112-6-2025 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sathyapalan, T., Manuchehri, A. M., Rigby, A. S., & Atkin, S. L. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1555 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
MECHANISM OF ANTITHYROID EFFECTS OF A SULFONYLUREA IN THE RAT1
Brown, J. N., & Solomon, D. H. (1958) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-63-4-473 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Thyroid autoimmunity in children with features of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Libman, I. M., Sun, K., Foley, T. P., & BECKER, D. J. (2008) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00400.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Genetics of Type 1 Diabetes and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Pearce, S. H. S., & Merriman, T. R. (2009) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2009.01.012 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
ROHDENBURG, G. L. (1920) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-4-1-63 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and related thyroid diseases
Wang, C. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2013/390534 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Treatment with thyroid hormone
Biondi, B., & Wartofsky, L. (2014) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2013-1083 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
The interface between thyroid and diabetes mellitus
Duntas, L. H., Orgiazzi, J., & Brabant, G. (2011) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04029.x · Cited by 247 · see citing works
The progression of secondary diabetes: A review of modeling studies
Yang, B., Li, J., Haller, M. J., Schatz, D. A., & Rong, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1070979 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Significantly increased mortality and rate of complications have been reported in these endocrinopathies associated diabetes (2, 9).”
Background
- Authors
- Brenta, G.
- Affiliations
- Hospital César Milstein (AR)
- Corresponding author
- Brenta, Gabriela
- ORCID
- Brenta, Gabriela
- Venue
- The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 172-177
- ISSN
- 1474-6514 (ISSN-L)
- 1753-4305
- OpenAlex
- W2095614838
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The British Journal of Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Keywords
- diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, thyroid hormones, glucose homeostasis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, autoimmune thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, subclinical hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, cardiovascular risk, thyroid hormone replacement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
