The relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and related thyroid diseases
Open accessAbstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has an intersecting underlying pathology with thyroid dysfunction. The literature is punctuated with evidence indicating a contribution of abnormalities of thyroid hormones to type 2 DM. The most probable mechanism leading to T2DM in thyroid dysfunction could be attributed to perturbed genetic expression of a constellation of genes along with physiological aberrations leading to impaired glucose utilization and disposal in muscles, overproduction of hepatic glucose output, and enhanced absorption of splanchnic glucose. These factors contribute to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is also associated with thyroid dysfunction. Hyper- and hypothyroidism have been associated with insulin resistance which has been reported to be the major cause of impaired glucose metabolism in T2DM. The state-of-art evidence suggests a pivotal role of insulin resistance in underlining the relation between T2DM and thyroid dysfunction. A plethora of preclinical, molecular, and clinical studies have evidenced an undeniable role of thyroid malfunctioning as a comorbid disorder of T2DM. It has been investigated that specifically designed thyroid hormone analogues can be looked upon as the potential therapeutic strategies to alleviate diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. These molecules are in final stages of preclinical and clinical evaluation and may pave the way to unveil a distinct class of drugs to treat metabolic disorders.
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An elevated risk of T2DM in patients with hyperthyroidism has been documented.
“An elevated risk of T2DM in patients with hyperthyroidism has been documented (6, 7).”
From The progression of secondary diabetes: A review of modeling studies (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Section 4.1 links hyperthyroidism to insulin resistance, and Section 3.1 says thyrotoxicosis can worsen subclinical diabetes and hyperglycaemia in T2DM. Neither passage documents an elevated risk of developing T2DM among patients with hyperthyroidism. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA number of studies have reported rising incidence of diabetes mellitus in patients with thyroid hormone dysregulation and vice versa.
“A number of studies have reported the rising incidence of diabetes mellitus in patients with thyroid hormone dysregulation and vice versa (6, 7).”
From The progression of secondary diabetes: A review of modeling studies (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction describes an association between thyroid dysfunction and diabetes, and Epidemiology reports thyroid disorders among patients with type 2 diabetes. The paper also discusses how thyroid dysfunction may contribute to type 2 diabetes. It does not report rising incidence over time in either group; its figures concern prevalence or frequency, not incidence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Associations of Habitual Mineral Intake with New-Onset Prediabetes/Diabetes after Acute Pancreatitis
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High T3 Induces β-Cell Insulin Resistance via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
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Human immunodeficiency virus, diabetes mellitus and thyroid abnormalities: Should we be screening?
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- Authors
- Wang, C.
- Affiliations
- Fudan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Chaoxun
- ORCID
- Wang, Chaoxun
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 2013
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 2314-6745 (ISSN-L)
- 2314-6753
- PMC
- PMC3647563
- OpenAlex
- W2134628308
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 12.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, thyroid hormones, glucose metabolism, hepatic glucose production, thyroid hormone analogs, obesity, atherosclerosis, metabolic disorders
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