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Digital harassment and abuse: Experiences of sexuality and gender minority adults
Open accessAbstract
Digital harassment and abuse refers to a range of harmful, interpersonal behaviours experienced via the internet, as well as via mobile phone and other electronic communication devices. Whereas much existing research has focused on the experiences of children and young people (including foremost ‘cyberbullying’), there have been few international studies on adult experiences of digital harassment and abuse. As such, little is currently known about the extent, nature and impacts of digital harassment and abuse on adult victims. In particular, there exists a significant gap in current research into sexual, sexuality and gender based digital harassment and abuse. This article draws on findings from a larger research project in which we surveyed 2956 Australian adults and 2842 British adults (aged 18 to 54) about their experiences of technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV). The data presented here focus on the experiences of sexuality diverse adults ( n = 282) who identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual or heterosexual, as well as gender diverse adults ( n = 90), including women, men and transgender individuals. Results suggest that transgender individuals experience higher rates of digital harassment and abuse overall, and higher rates of sexual, sexuality and gender based harassment and abuse, as compared with heterosexual cisgender individuals. Implications of the findings are discussed with respect to policy, prevention, and future research.
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“many TGD individuals have experienced cyberbullying due to a lack of societal acceptance of their gender minority status [2,3].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the vast majority of current research into cyberbullying is limited to predominantly adolescent populations [2,3]”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Specifically, cyberbullying arising from gender-based discrimination is an external stressor, leading to vigilance and self-protective behavior, such as avoiding social media, and ultimately the potential internalization of these stressors as internalized transphobia and negative self-perception [2,30].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This also seemed to be internalized as negative emotions and self-perception in this sample, with frequent reports of avoidance of social media in response to cyberbullying and the internalization of shame and self-hatred expressed in several responses [2,30].”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals are significantly more likely to experience cyberbullying.”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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In the citing paper
“Consistent with Powell et al. [2], TGD cyberbullying victimization was primarily identity-focused, including gender identity and other intersectional minority identities such as sexuality.”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“TGD individuals are often included under a broad category of LGBTQIA+, and the vast majority of current research into cyberbullying is limited to predominantly adolescent populations [2,3]”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“However, little is presently known about the lived cyberbullying experiences of TGD adults despite the prevalence of cyberbullying experienced by the TGD community.”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Consistent with previous findings that TGD individuals have a higher lifetime prevalence of online sexual harassment than their cisgender peers [2], participants commonly reported experiences of technology-facilitated violence featuring explicit sexual content or threats of sexual harm.”
From A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Powell, A., Scott, A. J., & Henry, N.
- Affiliations
- RMIT University (AU)
- Edith Cowan University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Powell, Anastasia
- Venue
- European Journal of Criminology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-07-30
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 199-223
- ISSN
- 1477-3708 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2609
- OpenAlex
- W2885907435
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 17.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- ro.ecu.edu.au
- Locations
- European Journal of Criminology (publishedVersion)
- Goldsmiths (University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Australasian Journal of Paramedicine (submittedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (DP130103094)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Keywords
- online harassment, online abuse, technology-facilitated sexual violence, gender-diverse adults, transgender people, cyberbullying, adult victims
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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