A Systematic Review of the Safety and Effect of Neurofeedback on Fatigue and Cognition
Open accessAbstract
Background. Many cancer survivors continue to experience ongoing symptoms, such as fatigue and cognitive impairment, which are poorly managed and have few effective, evidence-based treatment options. Neurofeedback is a noninvasive, drug-free form of brain training that may alleviate long-term symptoms reported by cancer patients. Objective. The purpose of this systematic review of the literature was to describe the effectiveness and safety of neurofeedback for managing fatigue and cognitive impairment. Methods. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology. A comprehensive search of 5 databases was conducted: Medline, CINAHL, AMED, PsycInfo, and Embase. Randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials, controlled before and after studies, cohort, case control studies, and descriptive studies were included in this review. Results. Twenty-seven relevant studies were included in the critical appraisals. The quality of most studies was poor to moderate based on the JBI critical appraisal checklists. Seventeen studies were deemed of sufficient quality to be included in the review: 10 experimental studies and 7 descriptive studies. Of these, only 2 were rated as high-quality studies and the remaining were rated as moderate quality. All 17 included studies reported positive results for at least one fatigue or cognitive outcome in a variety of populations, including 1 study with breast cancer survivors. Neurofeedback interventions were well tolerated with only 3 studies reporting any side effects. Conclusions. Despite issues with methodological quality, the overall positive findings and few reported side effects suggest neurofeedback could be helpful in alleviating fatigue and cognitive impairment. Currently, there is insufficient evidence that neurofeedback is an effective therapy for management of these symptoms in cancer survivors, however, these promising results support the need for further research with this patient population. More information about which neurofeedback technologies, approaches, and protocols could be successfully used with cancer survivors and with minimal side effects is needed. This research will have significance to nurses and physicians in oncology and primary care settings who provide follow-up care and counseling to cancer survivors experiencing debilitating symptoms in order to provide information and education related to evidence-based therapy options.
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The effect of modifying the amplitude of certain frequency bands is produced through conditioning.
“The effect of modifying the amplitude of certain frequency bands is produced through conditioning.5”
The most commonly reported side effects of NFB are fatigue, pain, sleep disturbances and muscle stiffness and spasms.
“The most commonly reported side effects are fatigue, pain, sleep disturbances and muscle stiffness and—spasms.5”
Side effects of NFB are rare and due to overexertion caused by extensive sessions, not to the NFB itself.
“Side effects of NFB are fortunately rather rare and due to overexertion caused by extensive sessions and not to the NFB itself.”
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- Authors
- Luctkar-Flude, M., & Groll, D.
- Affiliations
- Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Queen's University (CA)
- ORCID
- Groll, Dianne
- Venue
- Integrative Cancer Therapies
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-02-25
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 318-340
- ISSN
- 1534-7354 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-695X
- OpenAlex
- W2156824866
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Integrative Cancer Therapies (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- neurofeedback, cancer survivors, cancer-related fatigue, cognitive impairment, treatment safety, adverse effects, brain training, breast cancer survivors, symptom management
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Fatigue, Humans, Neoplasms, Treatment Outcome, Survivors, Neurofeedback
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