Principles for defining adverse events in behavioral intervention research: lessons from a family-focused adolescent drug abuse trial
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Background Behavioral intervention research has lagged behind biomedical research in developing principles for defining, categorizing, identifying, reporting, and monitoring adverse events and unanticipated problems. Purpose In this article we present a set of principles for defining adverse events and how they were applied in a large national multi-site family therapy study for substance-using adolescents, The Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT TM ) Effectiveness Study. Methods The BSFT TM Effectiveness study tested how BSFT TM compares to Treatment as Usual (TAU) for the treatment of drug-abusing adolescents. During protocol development, experts in the BSFT TM intervention, medical safety officers, ethicists and senior investigators defined the procedures for identifying, tracking and reporting adverse events for drug using adolescents as well as their family members. During this process the team identified five key guiding principles. Results The five guiding principles that were used for defining adverse events in this behavioral trial were that that the adverse events should be validated and plausible, and that monitoring systems should assess relatedness, be systematic, and are a shared responsibility. The following non-serious adverse events were identified: arrest, school suspension and drop out, runaway, kicked out of home and violence. The serious adverse events in this study for the identified adolescent participant and all other consented family members were physical or sexual abuse, suicidal behavior, homicidal behavior, hospitalization (drug related or psychiatric related only) and death. The methods used in categorizing, identifying and reporting adverse events in the BSFT TM trial are outlined. More than 50% of the adolescent population (277/481 = 57.5 %) experienced an adverse event during the trial. Family members experienced less adverse events, (61/1338 = 4.5%). The most common event for the adolescent group was arrest (164/277= 59.2%), followed by school suspension/dropout (143/277 = 51.6%), and runaway (79/277= 28.5 %). For the family member group, the most common event was violence (25/ 61 = 40.9%) followed by arrest (13/61 = 21.3%). There was a significant difference in the presence of adverse events in family members that were randomized to BSFT TM 44/721 (6.1%) when compared to Treatment as Usual 17/617 (2.8%) (p = 0.004). A probable explanation for this is that there were more opportunities to identify adverse events for family members assigned to BSFT TM because family members attended therapy sessions. This difference may also represent the risk for family members that participate in an evidence-based family intervention like BSFT TM . Limitations The utility of the principles outside of the BSFT TM trial is unknown. Conclusions Based on the events reported in this trial, the efforts for monitoring and categorizing adverse events appeared justified and appropriate. The strategies and principles described in this paper may be useful for those developing safety plans for behavioral intervention research, and to family therapy researchers for assessing the safety of behavioral family interventions. Clinical Trials 2010; 7: 58—68. http://ctj.sagepub.com
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In Horigian et al.'s trial of family therapy for drug abusing adolescents, they did not consider an increase in drug use to be an adverse event, arguing that drug use among adolescents is so erratic that any increased usage would be difficult to measure.
“In their trial of family therapy for drug abusing adolescents, for instance, they did not consider an increase in drug use to be an adverse event, arguing that drug use among adolescents is so erratic that any increased usage would be difficult to measure.”
From The recording of adverse events from psychological treatments in clinical trials: evidence from a review of NIHR-funded trials (2014) · cites this paper as [26]
In Horigian et al.'s trial, only when increased drug use resulted in hospitalization was it categorized as a severe adverse event.
“Hence, it was only when such increased drug use resulted in hospitalization that it was categorized as a severe adverse event.”
From The recording of adverse events from psychological treatments in clinical trials: evidence from a review of NIHR-funded trials (2014) · cites this paper as [26]
Only some adverse events are spontaneously reported, and accurate assessment requires systematic monitoring, with the use of structured interviews and records from other agencies.
“Horigian et al. [26] also highlight a further issue which requires attention: only some adverse events are spontaneously reported, and accurate assessment requires systematic monitoring, with the use of structured interviews and records from other agencies.”
From The recording of adverse events from psychological treatments in clinical trials: evidence from a review of NIHR-funded trials (2014) · cites this paper as [26]
Horigian et al. found that only 30% of adverse incidents were spontaneously reported to research assistants, but this increased to 70% when structured interviews were used.
“Horigian et al. [26] found that only 30% of adverse incidents were spontaneously reported to research assistants, but this increased to 70% when structured interviews were used.”
From The recording of adverse events from psychological treatments in clinical trials: evidence from a review of NIHR-funded trials (2014) · cites this paper as [26]
Horigian et al. recommended systematic monitoring so that general and specific questions that target relevant areas are asked throughout the study at specified intervals.
“In addition, they recommended systematic monitoring so that general and specific questions that target the relevant areas are asked throughout the study at specified intervals.”
From The recording of adverse events from psychological treatments in clinical trials: evidence from a review of NIHR-funded trials (2014) · cites this paper as [26]
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Bergin, A., Valentine, A. Z., Sprange, K., Coole, H., Edelmann, F., Ewart, C., Foley, T., Montgomery, P., Vallejos, E. P., Rennick‐Egglestone, S., et al. (2026) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/77433
- Authors
- Horigian, V. E., Robbins, M. S., Dominguez, R., Ucha, J., & Rosa, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Horigian, Viviana E
- Venue
- Clinical Trials
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 58-68
- ISSN
- 1740-7745 (ISSN-L)
- 1740-7753
- PMC
- PMC3163837
- OpenAlex
- W2067924575
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Trials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (U10DA013720)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
- Keywords
- adverse events, adverse event reporting, brief strategic family therapy, adolescent drug abuse, family therapy, addiction treatment, adverse event monitoring, family members, arrests, school suspension, runaways, violence, suicide, hospitalization, usual care, research ethics, safety monitoring system, protocol design, adolescent mental health services
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Behavior Therapy, Family Therapy, Humans, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Conduct Disorder, Substance-Related Disorders, Behavioral Research
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