The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bayesian Versus Orthodox Statistics: Which Side Are You On?
Open accessAbstract
Researchers are often confused about what can be inferred from significance tests. One problem occurs when people apply Bayesian intuitions to significance testing—two approaches that must be firmly separated. This article presents some common situations in which the approaches come to different conclusions; you can see where your intuitions initially lie. The situations include multiple testing, deciding when to stop running participants, and when a theory was thought of relative to finding out results. The interpretation of nonsignificant results has also been persistently problematic in a way that Bayesian inference can clarify. The Bayesian and orthodox approaches are placed in the context of different notions of rationality, and I accuse myself and others as having been irrational in the way we have been using statistics on a key notion of rationality. The reader is shown how to apply Bayesian inference in practice, using free online software, to allow more coherent inferences from data.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In terms of statistics, a Bayesian approach might be more appropriate than Fisherian statistics [56] as the Fisher approach is not appropriate with limited data [48].”
From Agile science: creating useful products for behavior change in the real world (2016) · cites this paper as [56]
Citations
Cites
Probability theory the logic of science
Jaynes, E. T., & Bretthorst, G. L. (2003) · Cited by 4,600
Probability Theory: The Logic of Science
Jaynes, E. T. (2003) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511790423 · Cited by 4,045
Bayesian t tests for accepting and rejecting the null hypothesis
Rouder, J. N., Speckman, P. L., Sun, D., Morey, R. D., & Iverson, G. (2009) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.16.2.225 · Cited by 3,688 · cited 3×
“For a p value, if the null is true, any value in the interval 0 to 1 is equally likely no matter how much data you collect (Rouder et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodVannieuwenhoven, N. (2020) · McGill-Queen's University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvw1d7dg.9 · Cited by 3,370
The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes: Philosophical Papers
Lakatos, I. (1978) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511621123 · Cited by 3,045
Alexander, P. F. (1963) · Philosophical Books · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0149.1963.tb00798.x · Cited by 2,859
Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230 · Cited by 2,736
Bargh, J. A., Chen, M. I.-C., & Burrows, L. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.2.230 · Cited by 2,646
A practical solution to the pervasive problems ofp values
Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2007) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03194105 · Cited by 2,490 · cited 1×
“For this reason, sooner or later, you are guaranteed to get a significant result if you run subjects long enough and stop when you get the p value you want (e.g., Wagenmakers, 2007).”
BackgroundHARKing: Hypothesizing after the results are known
Kerr, N. L. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0203_4 · Cited by 1,989
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Blume J. D., Handbook of the philosophy of statistics
- Jeffreys H., 1961, The theory of probability
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 938
Vicarious touch: Overlapping neural patterns between seeing and feeling touch
Smit, S., Moerel, D., Zopf, R., & Rich, A. N. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120269 · Cited by 15
Dora, J., McCabe, C. J., Lissa, C. J. V., Witkiewitz, K. A., & King, K. M. (2024) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459241235875 · Cited by 21
“…models are adjusted after seeing the data because Bayesian analyses depend only on one’s prior and the data but not on the number of tests that one runs on the data (although also when using Bayesian statistics, one needs to make sure not to cherry-pick results that fit a narrative; Dienes, 2011).”
MethodValidation and Reliability of the Dyslexia Adult Checklist in Screening for Dyslexia
Stark, Z., Elalouf, K., Soldano, V., Franzen, L., & Johnson, A. P. (2024) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1797 · Cited by 15
“One of today's most widely used screening tools for adults is the Dyslexia Adult Screening Test (DAST; Nicolson and Fawcett 1997, 2011).”
InfluentialBayes factors for logistic (mixed-effect) models.
Silvey, C., Dienes, Z. P., & Wonnacott, E. (2024) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000714 · Cited by 20
Self-citationEpisodic and Semantic Memory Contribute to Familiar and Novel Episodic Future Thinking
Wang, T. Y., Yue, T., & Huang, X. T. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01746 · Cited by 22
“We used Bayes factor analysis to test if the non-significant result indicated insufficient power or supported the null hypothesis (Dienes, 2011, 2014).”
MethodBayes, time perception, and relativity: The central role of hopelessness
Kent, L., Doorn, G. H. V., Hohwy, J., & Klein, B. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.012 · Cited by 15
Savic, B., Müri, R. M., & Meier, B. (2019) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.034 · Cited by 13
“To explore this critical point, we conducted Bayesian statistics to compute the probability of H1 and H0 (Dienes, 2011; Biel and Friedrich, 2018).”
MethodSpicer, S. G., Mitchell, C. J., Wills, A. J., & Jones, P. M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Learning and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xan0000225 · Cited by 15
“Bayesian t-tests were also conducted, using the procedure recommended by Dienes (2011) and implemented as R code by Baguley and Kaye (2010).”
MethodWhat can psychology's statistics reformers learn from the error-statistical perspective?
Haig, B. D. (2020) · Methods in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.metip.2020.100020 · Cited by 15
“The error-statistical perspective employed in this article is that of Deborah Mayo, sometimes in collaboration with Aris Spanos (Mayo, 1996, 2018; Mayo & Spanos, 2010, 2011).”
MethodFellnhofer, K. (2022) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102666 · Cited by 15
Explicit feedback maintains implicit knowledge.
Mealor, A. D., & Dienes, Z. (2013) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.05.006 · Cited by 15
“…evidence for the experimental hypothesis; values around 1 indicate no substantial support either way and suggest insufficient sensitivity in the experimental design (Jeffreys, 1961; see Dienes, 2008b, 2011, for discussions on the relative merits and drawbacks of Bayesian and Orthodox statistics).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAre task irrelevant faces unintentionally processed? Implicit learning as a test case.
Eitam, B., Glass-Hackel, R., Aviezer, H., Dienes, Z. P., Shoval, R., & Higgins, E. T. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0037627 · Cited by 15
Self-citationInitial training with difficult items does not facilitate category learning
Edmunds, C. E. R., Wills, A. J., & Milton, F. (2017) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2017.1370477 · Cited by 22
“For instance, if the range of rule-based strategies included within the model-based analysis procedure is increased, the proportion of participants classified as “implicit” (diagonal) responders goes down substantially (Donkin et al., 2015). Therefore, it seems wise to further investigate the assumption that an optimu…”
InfluentialInteraction Between Sex and Cardiac Interoceptive Accuracy in Measures of Induced Pain
Ferentzi, E., Geiger, M., Mai‐Lippold, S. A., Köteles, F. G., Montag, C., & Pollatos, O. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577961 · Cited by 17
“As the frequentist approach to statistical hypothesis testing has recently received criticism (Dienes, 2011; Jarosz and Wiley, 2014), hypotheses were tested using both frequentist and Bayesian methods.”
MethodHow to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading listPreprint
Etz, A. J., Gronau, Q. F., Dablander, F., Edelsbrunner, P. A., & Baribault, B. (2016) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ph6sw · Cited by 15
In pursuit of visual attention: SSVEP frequency-tagging moving targets
de Lissa, P., Caldara, R., Nicholls, V. I., & Miellet, S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236967 · Cited by 14
Civile, C., Quaglia, S., Waguri, E., Ward, M., McLaren, R., & McLaren, I. P. L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83844-3 · Cited by 14
Mood and judgment in a dyadic stress context.
Goldring, M. R., & Bolger, N. P. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000938 · Cited by 14
Chan, M. S., Morales, A., Zlotorzynska, M., Sullivan, P. S., Sanchez, T., Zhai, C., & Albarracín, D. (2021) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000002838 · Cited by 14
“Bayesian factors and posterior probabilities of our hypotheses in relation to the data [15].”
BackgroundMagro, L. O., Mirault, J., Grainger, J., & Majerus, S. (2022) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-022-01284-4 · Cited by 18
Civile, C., & McLaren, I. P. L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17294-w · Cited by 14
Yang, F., & Oshio, A. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05250-4 · Cited by 15
“The Cauchy prior width was set to default prior of 0.707 and report BF 10 , which gives the ratio at which the alternative hypothesis is favored over the null hypothesis (Dienes, 2011; Hu et al., 2018), that is, a larger BF 10 argues in favor of the alternative hypothesis.”
InfluentialObedience to authority reduces cognitive conflict before an action
Caspar, É. A., & Pech, G. P. (2024) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2024.2376049 · Cited by 18
“Data were analyzed with both frequentist and Bayesian statistics (Dienes, 2011).”
Kuehn, N. M., Campbell, K. W., & Bozorgnia, Y. (2025) · Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America · doi:10.1785/0120240115 · Cited by 14
Can prepared fear conditioning result from verbal instructions?
Mertens, G., Raes, A. K., & Houwer, J. D. (2015) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2015.11.001 · Cited by 19
Decomposing sensorimotor variability changes in ageing and their connection to falls in older people
Lin, C., & Faisal, A. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32648-z · Cited by 14
An Analysis of Nonsignificant Results in Audiology Using Bayes Factors
Brydges, C. R., & Gaeta, L. (2019) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2019_jslhr-h-19-0182 · Cited by 14
Prototypes, exemplars and the response scaling parameter: A Bayes factor perspective
Vanpaemel, W. (2015) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2015.10.006 · Cited by 14
Elchlepp, H., & Verbruggen, F. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.10.005 · Cited by 14
Intact implicit statistical learning in borderline personality disorder
Unoka, Z., Vizin, G., Bjelik, A., Radics, D., Németh, D., & Janacsek, K. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.072 · Cited by 14
“Thus, one of the main benefits of calculating the BF is that for non-significant group comparisons we can use the BF to conclude that the two groups indeed do not differ, and the acquired evidence supports H0 rather than H1 (Dienes, 2011, 2014; Wagenmakers, 2007).”
MethodPage, R. L., & Satake, E. (2017) · Journal of Education and Learning · doi:10.5539/jel.v6n4p254 · Cited by 14
“One is only able to conclude, after a single experiment, that the final decision was made by a standard procedure that controls error frequencies in the long run (Dienes, 2011).”
BackgroundRandles, D., Benjamin, R., Martens, J. P., & Heine, S. J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204640 · Cited by 17
“Not only are p-values more likely to produce significant findings when the null is true; they also are likely to produce nonsignificant results despite that there is a true effect [85].”
BackgroundPerski, O., Simons, D., West, R., & Michie, S. (2020) · doi:10.32388/1sc5l4 · Cited by 13
“Data yielding Bayes factors between 1/3 and 3 can be considered equivocal (23).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHas speech and language therapy been shown not to work?
Leff, A. P., & Howard, D. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.211 · Cited by 13
Civile, C., McLaren, R., Milton, F., & McLaren, I. P. L. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Learning and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xan0000274 · Cited by 13
Kiss, M. M., Németh, D., & Janacsek, K. (2022) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.09.003 · Cited by 14
“We also conducted Bayesian analyses to overcome the limitations of the frequentist approach (i.e., null-hypothesis significance testing) and gain statistical evidence for nullresults where relevant (Dienes, 2011; Wagenmakers, 2007).”
Enhancing groundwater vulnerability assessment through Bayesian inference
Taghavi, N., Niven, R. K., Kramer, M., & Paull, D. J. (2025) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132781 · Cited by 13
Brown, J., Michie, S., Walmsley, M., & West, R. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv161 · Cited by 13
Civile, C., Waguri, E., Quaglia, S., Wooster, B., Curtis, A., McLaren, R., Lavric, A., & McLaren, I. P. L. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107470 · Cited by 13
Świątkowski, W., & Carrier, A. (2020) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2020.1792297 · Cited by 15
“Conventions for using Bayes Factors [Paper presentation].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe effect of distinctive facial features on destination memory
Barros, C. A. F., Albuquerque, P. B., Pinto, R., & Haj, M. E. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12734 · Cited by 13
The exploration–exploitation dilemma in pain: an experimental investigation
Krypotos, A., Crombez, G., Alves, M., Claes, N., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002352 · Cited by 13
Robinson, A. K., Rich, A. N., & Woolgar, A. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01818 · Cited by 12
“In accordance with the BF literature, we did not make a correction for multiple comparisons for the large number of time points tested (Teichmann et al., 2021; Świątkowski & Carrier, 2020; Dienes, 2011, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodManipulations of Libet clock parameters affect intention timing awareness
Ivanof, B. E., Terhune, D. B., Coyle, D., & Moore, J. W. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23513-1 · Cited by 13
Sleep does not cause false memories on a story-based test of suggestibility.
van Rijn, E., Carter, N., McMurtrie, H., Willner, P., & Blagrove, M. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.04.010 · Cited by 8
“This finding accords with previous literature and supports a memory consolidation or other protective effect of sleep (e.g., Ellenbogen et al., 2006; Gais & Born, 2004).”
ResultHumpston, C. S., Evans, L. H., Teufel, C., Ihssen, N., & Linden, D. E. J. (2017) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2017.1348289 · Cited by 13
“It has been suggested that Bayesian approaches are resistant to multiple comparison problems (Dienes, 2011).”
Attention as the ‘glue’ for object integration in parietal extinction
Conci, M., Groß, J., Keller, I., Müller, H. J., & Finke, K. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.12.024 · Cited by 13
“…the alternative hypothesis is favored over the null hypothesis (i.e., larger BFs argue in favor of the alternative hypothesis, with values above 3 denoting ‘substantial evidence’ in favor of the alternative hypothesis; by contrast, values less than 1 support the null hypothesis; see Dienes, 2011).”
Leipold, S., Oderbolz, C., Greber, M., & Jäncke, L. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.12.016 · Cited by 13
A Perceptual Illusion of Empty Space Can Create a Perceptual Illusion of Levitation
Øhrn, H., Svalebjørg, M., Andersen, S., Ring, A. E., & Ekroll, V. (2019) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/2041669519897681 · Cited by 13
“To quantify the strength of the statistical evidence for differences between the conditions, we computed Bayes factors (Dienes, 2011) using the function “contingencyTableBF” from the “BayesFactor” package (Morey, Rouder, Jamil, & Morey, 2015; version 0.9.12-2) for R. Comparing the narrow occluder…”
MethodInfluentialFast fronto-parietal cortical dynamics of conflict detection and context updating in a flanker task
Brydges, C. R., Barceló, F., Nguyen, A. T., & Fox, A. M. (2020) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-020-09628-z · Cited by 14
“Bayesian statistics are more interpretable than frequentist statistics (Dienes, 2011; Kruschke, 2013), and assess the credibility of one hypothesis compared to another.”
BackgroundMalone, H., & Coyne, I. (2020) · Nurse Researcher · doi:10.7748/nr.2020.e1756 · Cited by 14
Can grapheme-color synesthesia be induced by hypnosis?
Anderson, H. P., Seth, A. K., Dienes, Z. P., & Ward, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00220 · Cited by 15
“Finally, it has been claimed that synesthesia can be induced by hypnosis in hypnotically suggestible individuals (Cohen Kadosh et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationA comparison of serial order short-term memory effects across verbal and musical domains
Gorin, S., Mengal, P., & Majerus, S. (2017) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-017-0778-0 · Cited by 15
Lau‐Zhu, A., Tye, C., Rijsdijk, F. V., & McLoughlin, G. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223460 · Cited by 13
“17, all of which were above 3 and hence can be interpreted as evidence for the null [83,84].”
BackgroundKinnear, G. (2021) · International Journal of Research in Undergraduate Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s40753-020-00121-w · Cited by 16
“Using null-hypothesis significance tests, it is not possible to “top up” with additional data and re-test at the same significance level, since the tests are sensitive to the stopping rule used to gather the data (Dienes 2011, p278).”
MethodGrootswagers, T., McKay, H., & Varlet, M. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119350 · Cited by 12
Emotional facial activation induced by unconsciously perceived dynamic facial expressions
Kaiser, J., Davey, G. C. L., Parkhouse, T., Meeres, J., & Scott, R. B. Y. (2016) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.504 · Cited by 12
Goller, F., Khalid, S., & Ulrich Ansorge, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00453 · Cited by 13
“00 was considered as a substantial evidence in favor of the null or the alternative hypothesis accordingly (Dienes, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSunspot activity and influenza pandemics: a statistical assessment of the purported association
Towers, S. (2017) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s095026881700173x · Cited by 12
Dessel, P. V., Mertens, G., Smith, C. T., & Houwer, J. D. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218789065 · Cited by 13
“To gain information about the strength of evidence for the presence or absence of ME effects for participants with either accurate or inaccurate presentation frequency memory, we supplemented traditional t-test analyses with Bayesian analyses (Dienes, 2011; Wagenmakers, 2007).”
MethodAttention Combines Similarly in Covert and Overt Conditions
Blair, C. D., & Ristic, J. (2019) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision3020016 · Cited by 12
The time course of salience: not entirely caused by salience
Krüger, A., & Scharlau, I. (2021) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01470-6 · Cited by 15
“Although there are different pros and cons to consider when using Bayesian methods (Dienes, 2011), Bayesian hierarchical models provide a range of advantages for cognitive modeling in general (Lee, 2011) and are particularly suitable for parameter estimation under a given model (Little, 2006).”
MethodKim, S. A., Hamann, S. B., & Kim, S. H. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118333 · Cited by 13
“We report both frequentist statistics and equivalent Bayesian statistics (Dienes, 2011).”
The nature of neural object representations during dynamic occlusion
Teichmann, L., Moerel, D., Rich, A. N., & Baker, C. I. (2022) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.04.009 · Cited by 12
Shared mechanism for emotion processing in adolescents with and without autism
Ioannou, C., Zein, M. E., Wyart, V., Scheid, I., Amsellem, F., Delorme, R., Chevallier, C., & Grèzes, J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep42696 · Cited by 16
“TD RTs (ms) 1046 (37) 1021 (33) 1073 (35) 1036 (39) 1044 (34)”
The effect of dopaminergic medication on conflict adaptation in Parkinson's disease
Ruitenberg, M. F. L., Abrahamse, E. L., Santens, P., & Notebaert, W. (2017) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12131 · Cited by 12
“3 is regarded as evidence for the alternative hypothesis (Dienes, 2011; Jeffreys, 1961).”
BackgroundInfluentialImpairment of manual but not saccadic response inhibition following acute alcohol intoxication
Campbell, A. E., Chambers, C., Allen, C. P. G., Hedge, C., & Sumner, P. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.022 · Cited by 16
“33) (Dienes, 2011) or the maximum sample size (40) was reached, as occurred.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChang, B. P. I., Mulders, M. D. G. H., Cserjési, R., Axel Cleeremans, B., & Klein, O. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.013 · Cited by 11
“…a half-normal distribution of effect sizes centered on zero (i.e., suggesting that small effect sizes are more frequent than larger ones, cf. Dienes, 2011).3 These analyses revealed a Bayes factor of 0.34, which is conventionally considered as strong support for the null hypothesis (see,…”
InfluentialMajerus, S., & Oberauer, K. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000792 · Cited by 13
“All the statistical analysis conducted in the present study adopted a Bayesian and model comparison approach (see, e.g., Dienes, 2011, 2016; Wagenmakers, 2007; Wagenmakers, Lee, Lodewyckx, & Iverson, 2008).”
MethodBayesian Analysis in Strategic Management Research: Time to Update Your Priors
McCann, B. T., & Schwab, A. (2023) · Strategic Management Review · doi:10.1561/111.00000053 · Cited by 12
Shared Reality Can Reduce Stressor Reactivity
Goldring, M. R., Pinelli, F., Bolger, N., & Higgins, E. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.853750 · Cited by 11
“Our use of Bayesian estimation instead allows us to think probabilistically, which aligns with rising concerns about binary significance testing because it encourages us to think distributionally rather than in binary terms (Wagenmakers, 2007; Dienes, 2011).”
BackgroundWehrle, S., Vogeley, K. T., & Grice, M. (2023) · Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/langcog.2023.21 · Cited by 14
“We chose a Bayesian rather than a frequentist approach mainly because it is (1) better suited to exploratory work as well as limited sample sizes, (2) more conservative, more robust andmore transparent when properly applied and (3)more closely aligned with common human intuitions about the interpretation of statistica…”
BackgroundMethodMoore, T. E., Schlichting, C. D., Aiello‐Lammens, M. E., Mocko, K., & Jones, C. S. (2018) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.15196 · Cited by 11
Estimating neural response functions from fMRI
Kumar, S., & Penny, W. D. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroinformatics · doi:10.3389/fninf.2014.00048 · Cited by 11
“The use of Bayes factors provides a Bayesian alternative to hypothesis testing using classical inference (Dienes, 2011).”
MethodKurz, A. S., Flynn, M. K., & Bordieri, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.07.005 · Cited by 11
Adaptive scaling of reward in episodic memory: a replication study
Mason, A., Ludwig, C. J. H., & Farrell, S. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1233439 · Cited by 11
“Bayes factors are well suited to quantify strength of evidence as they allow the researcher to state evidence in favour of both the null and the alternative hypothesis (Dienes, 2011; Rouder, Speckman, Sun, Morey, & Iverson, 2009; Wagenmakers, 2007).”
BackgroundReporting in Experimental Philosophy: Current Standards and Recommendations for Future Practice
Polonioli, A., Vega‐Mendoza, M., Blankinship, B., & Carmel, D. (2018) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-018-0414-3 · Cited by 12
“…that, along with simply adding another set of tests to choose from, increase researcher degrees of freedom; several other authors (e.g., Dienes 2011, 2014; Kruschke 2013; Rouder et al. 2009), focus instead on the usefulness of Bayesian analyses for establishing whether the evidence…”
BackgroundTiming of mirror system activation when inferring the intentions of others
Cole, E. J., & Barraclough, N. E. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.015 · Cited by 12
“Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated alongside all linear regressions and were additionally tested using Bayesian analyses (Dienes, 2008, 2011) to quantify the evidence in favor for or against each correlation.”
BackgroundMethodExploring the role of context on the existing evidence for reconsolidation of episodic memory
Capelo, A. M. D. A. B., Albuquerque, P. B., & Cadavid, S. E. (2018) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2018.1507040 · Cited by 14
“Taking into account the limitations of null-hypothesis significance testing (Dienes, 2011), Bayesian analyses were conducted (Cauchy prior, width 1.0) to examine the evidence in favour of null hypothesis (H0: No differences in performance between no-reactivationABC and reactivationAAC groups)…”
MethodInfluentialEvaluations of clinical tobacco cessation interventions in Arab populations: A systematic review
Alzahrane, A., West, R., Ubhi, H. K., Brown, J., Abdulqader, N., & Samarkandi, O. A. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.08.017 · Cited by 11
Bayesian Approaches to Testing a Point (“Null”) Hypothesis
Kruschke, J. K. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405888-0.00012-x · Cited by 11
Fear‐specific enhancement of tactile perception is disrupted after amygdala lesion
Bertini, C., Starita, F., Passamonti, C., Santoro, F., Zamponi, N., Michelucci, R., & Scarpazza, C. (2019) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12178 · Cited by 12
Practice-induced functional plasticity in inhibitory control interacts with aging
Hartmann, L., Wachtl, L., Marzia De Lucia, E., & Spierer, L. (2019) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2019.02.004 · Cited by 12
“Bayes factors express the probability of the data given H0 relative to H1 (Dienes, 2011)).”
Civile, C., Cooke, A., Liu, X., McLaren, R., Elchlepp, H., Lavric, A., Milton, F., & McLaren, I. P. L. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Learning and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xan0000232 · Cited by 11
“Additional Bayes Factor Analysis Using the procedure outlined by Dienes (2011), we first conducted a Bayes analysis on”
MethodAnodal transcranial direct current stimulation reduces motor slowing in athletes and non-athletes
Seidel-Marzi, O., & Ragert, P. (2020) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-020-00573-5 · Cited by 12
Validation of the International Reading Speed Texts in a Canadian Sample
Morrice, E., Hughes, J., Stark, Z., Wittich, W., & Johnson, A. P. (2020) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000001538 · Cited by 11
“A Bayesian analysis was used due to known issues with traditional null hypothesis significance testing (NHST; Dienes, 2011; Kline, 2013; Wetzels et al., 2011).”
MethodTo Grasp the World at a Glance: The Role of Attention in Visual and Semantic Associative Processing
Gronau, N. (2021) · Journal of Imaging · doi:10.3390/jimaging7090191 · Cited by 9
Efficient alternatives for Bayesian hypothesis tests in psychology.
Pramanik, S., & Johnson, V. E. (2022) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000482 · Cited by 11
Baker, K. S., Yamamoto, N., Pegna, A. J., & Johnston, P. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108422 · Cited by 11
Hilgard, J., Engelhardt, C. R., Bartholow, B. D., & Rouder, J. N. (2015) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000102 · Cited by 11
“Bayesians, in contrast, are interested in the quantification of evidence, not the control of such error rates, so there is no need for such corrections (Dienes, 2011; Royall, 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialParker, A., Powell, D., & Dagnall, N. (2017) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2017.12.002 · Cited by 12
“Finally, Baysian analyses were used to assess the evidence in favour of the null effects of eye movements being true (Dienes , 2011, 2014).”
MethodThe neural dynamics underlying prioritisation of task-relevant informationPreprint
Grootswagers, T., Robinson, A. K., Shatek, S. M., & Carlson, T. A. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.172643 · Cited by 10
Nalborczyk, L., Batailler, C., Lœvenbruck, H., Vilain, A., & Bürkner, P. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/guhsa · Cited by 11
Chikako, T. U., Bacha, R. H., Hagan, J. E., Seidu, A., Kuse, K. A., & Ahinkorah, B. O. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116600 · Cited by 10
Evaluating the Pedagogical Effectiveness of Study Preregistration in the Undergraduate Dissertation
Pownall, M., Pennington, C. R., Norris, E., Juanchich, M., Smailes, D., Russell, P. S., Gooch, D., Evans, T. R., Persson, S., Mak, M. H., et al. (2023) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459231202724 · Cited by 16
“Bayes factors were calculated for all analyses to evaluate strength of evidence (Dienes, 2011).”
MethodDynamics of visual object coding within and across the hemispheres: Objects in the periphery
Robinson, A. K., Grootswagers, T., Shatek, S. M., Behrmann, M., & Carlson, T. A. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adq0889 · Cited by 10
“RSA allowed a comparison between hemispheres which was abstracted away from specific neural activity patterns and rather focused on the relationships between stimulus representations.”
Rindskopf, D., Shadish, W. R., & Clark, M. H. (2018) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x18789532 · Cited by 10
“Readers wanting more detail can refer to many excellent introductions (Dienes, 2011; Gelman, Carlin, Stern, & Rubin, 2003; Gill, 2007; Jackman, 2009; Kaplan, 2014; Kruschke, 2015; Lynch, 2007; Masson, 2011; Ntzoufras, 2009; Wetzels et al., 2011; Winkler, 2003; Zyphur & Oswald, 2013), and readers…”
BackgroundNo effect of hippocampal lesions on stimulus-response bindings
Henson, R. N., Horner, A. J., Greve, A., Cooper, E., Gregori, M., Simons, J. S., Erzinçlioğlu, S., Browne, G., & Kapur, N. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.024 · Cited by 9
“To provide more evidence for this conclusion, rather than relying on failure to reject the null hypothesis that the two groups differ, we calculated the Bayes Factor for the likelihood of patients showing the same size congruency effect as controls (alternate hypothesis), relative to the likelihood of patients showing…”
Role of prior knowledge in implicit and explicit learning of artificial grammars
Ziori, E., Pothos, E. M., & Dienes, Z. P. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.06.003 · Cited by 10
“…for chance performance; a B between 3 and 1/3 indicates data insensitivity for deciding whether or not there was any learning (see Dienes, 2008, 2011 collapsed together was found in the baseline condition (55%, p < .001, r 2 = .26), but not in the dual task one (51%, p = .176, r 2 = .03), a…”
BackgroundSelf-citationNo Such Thing as Too Much Chocolate
Moser, C., Phelan, C., Resnick, P., Schoenebeck, S. Y., & Reinecke, K. (2017) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3025453.3025778 · Cited by 13
“Bayes factor, which is the ratio of two models’ average likelihoods [12].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Dienes, Z.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dienes, Zoltan
- ORCID
- Dienes, Zoltan
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 274-290
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W2055754299
- Cited by
- 938
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 6.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- Bayesian inference, significance testing, null hypothesis significance testing, multiple comparisons, stopping rules
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
