The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self-Talk and Sports Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Based on the premise that what people think influences their actions, self-talk strategies have been developed to direct and facilitate human performance. In this article, we present a meta-analytic review of the effects of self-talk interventions on task performance in sport and possible factors that may moderate the effectiveness of self-talk. A total of 32 studies yielding 62 effect sizes were included in the final meta-analytic pool. The analysis revealed a positive moderate effect size (ES = .48). The moderator analyses showed that self-talk interventions were more effective for tasks involving relatively fine, compared with relatively gross, motor demands, and for novel, compared with well-learned, tasks. Instructional self-talk was more effective for fine tasks than was motivational self-talk; moreover, instructional self-talk was more effective for fine tasks rather than gross tasks. Finally, interventions including self-talk training were more effective than those not including self-talk training. The results of this study establish the effectiveness of self-talk in sport, encourage the use of self-talk as a strategy to facilitate learning and enhance performance, and provide new research directions.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Teaching concentration can increase youth athletes’ abilities to focus, as can self-talk, and linking the association between positive self-talk and performance in youth athletes is paramount (Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011).”
From Integrating Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) with Psychological Skills Training (PST): a case study (2025) · cites this paper as Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
Cognitive-Behavior Modification
Meichenbaum, D. H. (1977) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9739-8 · Cited by 4,029
International Journal of Special Education
(2022) · doi:10.52783/ijse · Cited by 2,527
Morris, S. B., & DeShon, R. P. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.105 · Cited by 2,502
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings.
Raudenbush, S. W., Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (1991) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289738 · Cited by 2,368
Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: a meta-analysis
Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0019486 · Cited by 2,265
Estimating effect sizes from pretest-posttest-control group designs
Morris, S. B. (2008) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428106291059 · Cited by 2,133
Cognitive-Behavior Modification: An Integrative Approach
Meichenbaum, D. H. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,619
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- *Cornspan A. S., 2004, Journal of Mental Imagery, 28, 59
- *Goudas M., 2006, Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 3, 105
- Hardy J., 2009, Advances in applied sport psychology: A review, 37
- *Harvey D. T., 2002, International Sports Journal, 6, 84
- Hatzigeorgiadis A., 2006, Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 3, 164
- *Hatzigeorgiadis A., 2009, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 185
- *Malouff J. M., 2008, Journal of Sport Behavior, 31, 264
- *Malouff J. M., 2006, Journal of Sport Behavior, 29, 159
- *Masciana R. C., 2001, International Sports Journal, 5, 31
- *Peluso E. A., 2005, Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 4, 543
- *Tod D. A., 2008, National Strength and Conditioning Association, 23, 196
- *Van Raalte J. L., 1995, Journal of Sport Behavior, 18, 50
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 358
Schmidt, P. (2025) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-025-10117-z · Cited by 3
Ktistakis, I. E., Zacharakis, E. D., Terzis, G. D., Kostopoulos, N., & Stavrou, N. A. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1730500 · Cited by 3
“…evidence have provided substantial evidence that self-talk strategies in sport appear to be facilitative for athletes’ performance enhancement, facilitating also the learning process in the sport context (Tod et al., 2011), through cognition and anxiety regulation (Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011).”
The Content of Goal-Directed Self-Talk in Volitional Processes
Fritsch, J., & Latinjak, A. T. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie · doi:10.1026/1612-5010/a000322 · Cited by 2
Leopold, S. S. (2022) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000002411 · Cited by 2
Mental training for college athletes
Tang, Y., & Pek, L. S. (2024) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.55860/5rvacy38 · Cited by 4
Cumulative Evidence Synthesis and Consideration of “Research Waste” Using Bayesian Methods
Corcoran, H., & Steele, J. (2024) · Communications in Kinesiology · doi:10.51224/cik.2024.74 · Cited by 3
Manor, N., & Tenenbaum, G. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15050593 · Cited by 2
“…(Williams & Straub, 2006) and is now recognized as a well-established, extensively researched strategy for improving physical performance across various tasks and populations (Dali & Parnabas, 2018; Galanis et al., 2022; Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011; Tod et al., 2011, 2015; Young et al., 2023).”
Effect of Self-talk on Motor Performance
Aritomi, K., Toyama, M., & Sawamiya, Y. (2013) · Japanese Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.4146/jjspopsy.2013-1219 · Cited by 2
Providing Sport Psychology Support to an Athlete in a Unique, Ultra-Endurance Event
Breslin, G., MURPHY, M. H., Kremer, J., McClean, C. M., & Davison, G. W. (2014) · Journal of Sport Psychology in Action · doi:10.1080/21520704.2014.892911 · Cited by 2
Self-Talk in a SCUBA Diving Context
Raalte, J. L. V., Wilson, L., Cornelius, A. E., & Brewer, B. W. (2017) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2017-0091 · Cited by 2
Content and function of thought in motor skill execution
Aritomi, K., & Toyama, M. (2019) · Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport Sciences) · doi:10.5432/jjpehss.17127 · Cited by 2
“…緒 言 近年，第三世代の認知行動療法（cognitive behavioral therapy: CBT）のアプローチがスポーツ心 理学の実践領域（競技者への心理サポート，メ ンタルトレーニング等）においても注目を集め， 応用が試みられている（e.g. Gardner and Moore, 2004）．従来，スポーツ心理学の実践において 応用されてきた認知行動アプローチは，CBTの 第二世代とされる Beck（1964）の認知療法や Meichenbaum（1977）の自己教示訓練に由来し た方法論に基づく介入・実践が中心となってお…”
Guicciardi, M., & Prinzis, F. (2021) · RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.3280/rip2021oa11936 · Cited by 2
TEACHING LIFE SKILLS THROUGH VOLLEYBALL PASSING SKILL TO CHILDREN 9-11 YEARS OLD
Ζetou, E., Vernadakıs, N., Mountaki, F., & Giannakopoulos, A. (2022) · European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science · doi:10.46827/ejpe.v8i1.4195 · Cited by 2
Sarig, Y., Alvarez‐Alvarado, S., & Eccles, D. W. (2023) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102449 · Cited by 2
Young, A. D., Hollander, D. B., Baiamonte, B. A., Bowers, A. G., HEBERT, E. P., & Kraemer, R. R. (2023) · International Journal of Strength and Conditioning · doi:10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.255 · Cited by 2
Recognizing Risks and Building on Resilience
Ocampo, R. (2024) · Global perspectives in applied sport and performance psychology. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69320-5_5 · Cited by 2
McGinn, S., Alcock, D., & Cameron, L. (2018) · Comparative Exercise Physiology · doi:10.3920/cep180020 · Cited by 2
McArdle, G., & Barker, J. B. (2016) · Sport & Exercise Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpssepr.2016.12.1.81 · Cited by 2
de Oliveira, A. V. R. R., & Padovani, R. D. C. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Psicologia do Esporte · doi:10.31501/rbpe.v11i1.12128 · Cited by 1
Self-Talk: Chats that Athletes Have With Themselves
Latinjak, A. T., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2022) · Frontiers for Young Minds · doi:10.3389/frym.2022.681923 · Cited by 1
Self-citationMental Skills Training and Treatment Interventions
Griffith, K. L., Wooding, C. B., Dyke, E. D. V., & Kadushin, P. (2023) · Contemporary pediatric and adolescent sports medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25126-9_11 · Cited by 2
Increasing Anaerobic Power in Cycling By Implementing Embodied Self-Talk
Mateos, R., Ruiz, I. C., & Horcajo, J. (2024) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2023-0154 · Cited by 1
Validating The Self-Talk Questionnaire of Athletes and How it Affects Athletes’ Mental Toughness?
Haqiyah, A., Riyadi, D. N., Bujang, B., Abidin, D., Putra, P., Lubis, J., Bahtra, R., Soeharto, S., Hanief, Y. N., Lestari, W., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Disabilities Sports & Health Sciences · doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1503594 · Cited by 1
Dana, A., Ghorbani, S., & Brinthaupt, T. M. (2024) · Physical activity in children. · doi:10.61186/pach.2024.465761.1015 · Cited by 1
Distinguishing Types and Tiers of Self-Talk for Performance Enhancement
Davis, J. (2024) · Journal of Character and Leadership Development · doi:10.58315/jcld.v11.319 · Cited by 1
The Power of Inner Dialogue: The Impact of Self-Talk Techniques on Athlete Performance
Temel, V. (2025) · Archives of Clinical and Experimental Orthopaedics · doi:10.29328/journal.aceo.1001021 · Cited by 1
The use of psychological skills in Deaflympic sport
Markov-Glazer, A., Elbe, A., & Schliermann, R. (2024) · European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity · doi:10.5507/euj.2024.012 · Cited by 1
Gómez-Landero, L. A., Ruano, F. J. S.-R., Reguera-López-de-la-Osa, X., & Cervelló, E. M. (2025) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.5114/jhk/204776 · Cited by 1
“Such progressive learning and experience suggest that these athletes have developed strong coping mechanisms, allowing them to perceive competition as a challenge and adapt their self ‐ talk to regulate confidence and concentration (Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011; Sarig et al., 2023).”
Sampson, J. J., Post, P. G., & Aiken, C. A. (2025) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2025.103413 · Cited by 1
The frequency, form, and function of self-talk in everyday life
Schertz, K. E., Orvell, A., Chandhok, S., Vickers, B. D., Moser, J. S., Ayduk, Ö. N., & Kross, E. F. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-22647-2 · Cited by 3
Chan, S.-Y., Shen, W.-J., Lo, S.-L., Hsieh, Y. C., Lu, F. J.-H., & Kuan, G. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.20355 · Cited by 1
“…through autonomy-supportive coaching and goal-setting ( Ryan & Deci, 2020 ), enhancing confidence with mastery experiences and self-talk training ( Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011 ), improving concentration through quiet-eye attention programs ( Vine, Moore & Wilson, 2014 ), sustaining vigor through…”
Galanis, E., Kouvarakis, P., Kouli, O., Κrommidas, C., Comoutos, N., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Theodorakis, Y. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16010087 · Cited by 1
“More specifically, two reviews, a meta-analysis (Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011) and a systematic review (Tod et al., 2011), have provided robust support for the beneficial effects of strategic self-talk on skill acquisition, learning, and sports task performance.”
Self-citationGrundmann, F., Epstude, K., & Scheibe, S. (2026) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-026-10201-0 · Cited by 1
“Engaging in instructional self-talk has been linked to improved performance (Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011; Tod et al., 2011).”
Pratama, Y., Setyawan, D. A., & Widiyatmoko, F. A. (2025) · COMPETITOR Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga · doi:10.26858/cpjok.v17i2.62 · Cited by 1
Bridging brain and body: a 3R framework for real-time self-regulation strategies in sport
Yakushina, A. A., Lakičević, N., Leonov, S., Vvedenskiy, S., & Drid, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1833469 · Cited by 1
“A meta-analysis of 32 individual studies yielding 62 effect sizes found that interventions including self-talk training were more effective than those not including self-talk training (Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011).”
Xiao, N., Wang, M., & Zhang, G. (2026) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2026.103193 · Cited by 2
Kaczmarek, F., Matecka, M., Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, J., Kmiecik, M., Kaczmarek, K., Gajniak, P., Fiutak, M., Stężycka, J., Krupa, K. K., Marchwiak, S., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15176582 · Cited by 1
“Self-Talk (ST) The idea behind strategies that involve self-talk is that cognitive processes, for example thoughts, have a significant effect on behavioural outcomes [13].”
Shoenfelt, E. L. (2016) · Journal of Sport Psychology in Action · doi:10.1080/21520704.2016.1138264 · Cited by 1
Candra, A. R. D., Antika, E. R., Budiyanto, K. S., Sobihin, S., & Hermawan, H. (2020) · International Seminar of Public Health and Education (ISPHE) · doi:10.4108/eai.22-7-2020.2300246 · Cited by 1
The Importance of Sport Psychology in Basketball
LaBode-Richman, V. M., & Groenewal, P. H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61070-1_77 · Cited by 3
Scholler, V., Marcel‐Millet, P., & Groslambert, A. (2021) · Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité · doi:10.1051/sm/2021017 · Cited by 1
The Effects of Strategic Self-Talk on Concurrent Training Exercise Performance
Sampson, J. J., Post, P. G., & Aiken, C. A. (2022) · Journal for Advancing Sport Psychology in Research · doi:10.55743/000011 · Cited by 1
Une conceptualisation du discours interne en sport dans une perspective vygotskienne
Laurin-Landry, A., & Merri, M. (2023) · Activites · doi:10.4000/activites.8748 · Cited by 1
Casestudy of psychological counseling of sport trauma based on Pierre Janet therapeutic method.
Fedunina, N. U., Игоревна, Г. А., Kovaleva, A. V., & Bannikov, G. S. (2018) · Moscow University Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.11621/vsp.2018.02.56 · Cited by 1
Workshop of Self-talk Intervention for Beginners of Badminton Coaches
Hidayat, Y. (2019) · Asian Journal of Scientific Research · doi:10.3923/ajsr.2019.263.270 · Cited by 1
Inner Speech Modification and Young Offender Re-offence: Literature Review and Implications
Elsom, J. (2019) · Behavioural Sciences Undergraduate Journal · doi:10.29173/bsuj367 · Cited by 1
Spatial shifts in swiping actions, the impact of “left” and “right” verbalizations
Olthuis, R., van der Kamp, J., LEMMINK, K. A. P. M., & Caljouw, S. R. (2022) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-022-06348-0 · Cited by 1
Cutton, D. M., & Burt, D. J. (2023) · Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance · doi:10.1080/07303084.2022.2136309 · Cited by 1
Forestier, C., de Chanaleilles, M., & Chalabaëv, A. (2023) · Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité · doi:10.1051/sm/2023005 · Cited by 1
Cubitt, A. M., & Eys, M. (2015) · Scholars Commons (Wilfrid Laurier University) · Cited by 1
Wallacep, P. J. (2015) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University) · Cited by 1
The Effect of Stress Coping Techniques in Sports
Yeh, L. (2016) · Scholarship - Claremont (Claremont Colleges) · Cited by 1
Many roads lead to Rome: Self-regulatory strategies and their effects on self-controlPreprint
Hennecke, M., & Bürgler, S. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/n39g4 · Cited by 3
Self-talk in running athletes: an ecological momentary assessment approach
Veltman, L. J. (2012)
Mental Skills for Endurance Sports
Carter, J. E., & Graef, S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32982-6_18
The role of personality in the pursuit of context-specific goals
McCabe, K. O. (2015) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)
The Role of the Passive Voice Mindset in Regulating Healthy Eating
Şenay, İ., Uşak, M., & Acarturk, Z. C. (2017) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v9n2p37
“There is evidence to suggest that behaviors are better facilitated when people are explicitly trained to use language during their task performance (Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011).”
BackgroundWang, S. (2017) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria)
Self-Talk and Autonomy on Well-Structured Problem-Solving
Lam, Y. H. K., & Zhou, D.-H. R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8034-0_11
The effect of self-talk on endurance cycling performance in the heat: a psychophysiological approach
Bartura, K. (2013) · University of Thessaly Institutional Repository (University of Thessaly) · doi:10.26253/heal.uth.2158
The Effects of Motivational and Instructional Self-Talk on Cross-Training Exercise Performance
Sampson, J. B. (2019) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
Sheehy, T. L. (2018) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.7293
Cognitive behavioral perspectives on self-talk techniques used for sports performance
TAKAYAMA, T., & Sato, H. (2021) · Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport Sciences) · doi:10.5432/jjpehss.20074
Exploring adversity and the potential for growth among Iron[wo]man competitors
Johnson, E., Fisher, L. A., Smith, Z. T., Schools, J. A., & Zakrajsek, R. A. (2021) · Journal of Emerging Sport Studies · doi:10.26522/jess.v5i1.3385
Self-talk and resilience: impacts of performance in undergraduates
Reyes, Z. B. (2016) · California State University ScholarWorks (system-wide DSpace)
(2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407209-1.00020-2
Wu, G., Cai, L., Li, B., & Liu, P. (2023) · Advances in computer science research · doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-058-9_78 · Cited by 1
Guo, X., & Dobkins, K. R. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4347512
Mental Skills Training for Endurance Sports
Carter, J. E., & Norman, J. L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26600-3_22
A Proposed Three-Stage Postperformance-Routine Framework
Kostrna, J. R., Lebeau, J.-C., Sáenz‐Moncaleano, C., & Foster, B. J. (2023) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2023-0001
Pengaruh Perbualan Kendiri (Self-talk) Terhadap Kebimbangan Atlet Badminton Sebelum Perlawanan
Sin, L. I., Anuar, N. A., & Nasir, M. K. M. (2024) · Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) · doi:10.47405/mjssh.v9i1.2623
Effect of five sessions of imagery intervention on learning a gymnastics skill
Tripathi, A., Sharma, L., & Singh, M. (2024) · International journal of applied research · doi:10.22271/allresearch.2024.v10.i4b.11662
Laurin-Landry, A., & Merri, M. (2024) · Activites · doi:10.4000/activites.9169
Principles of Embodiment in the Making of Economic Life
Bassó, F., & Herrmann‐Pillath, C. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-54971-7_4
RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH OF ATHLETES
Rakhmatullayevna, A. D. (2024) · UzMU xabarlari · doi:10.69617/nuuz.v1i1.3.1.1481
Does In-The-Moment Strategic Self-Talk Affect Volleyball Officials’ Refereeing Efficacy?
Aspen, A., & Jooste, J. (2024) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2024.2376243
“These cues are usually intentionally used immediately right before or during task performance with the aim of increasing confidence, enhancing concentration, regulating effort and emotional reactions, and initiating automated skill execution (Hardy, 2006; Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011).”
Üstün, Ü. D., & Şeker, R. (2024) · Physical activity in children. · doi:10.61186/pach.2024.459699.1010
The Relationship between Impulsivity and Time Perception in Adolescents with ADHD
Makki, R. (2024) · Physical activity in children. · doi:10.61186/pach.2024.462027.1011
Coaching Athletes with Learning Disabilities: Three Effective Strategies
Miller, R. D., & Sims, H. (2024) · Strategies · doi:10.1080/08924562.2024.2397955
“Swimmers in a study by Hatzigeorgiadis et al. (2011) used both motivational and instructional self-talk scripts during training and in competition.”
The Effects of Inner Speech on Sports Performance among Adolescents
Dana, A., Ghorbani, S., & Brinthaupt, T. M. (2024) · Physical activity in children. · doi:10.61186/pach.2024.465765.1016
Abdoli, B., Taherkhani, S., Moteshareie, E., & Hardy, J. (2025) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2025.2462562
“It also improves intervention effectiveness (Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011).”
Wheeler, K., Hilbert, S., & Favela, A. (2025) · Teaching Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/00400599251335675
Gray, P. M., Evans, A. L., Bielby, H., & Gillman, J. C. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.07.25329197
Maloney-Gepfert, L. (2025) · Lynchburg Journal of Medical Science · doi:10.63932/3067-7106.1004
Metadata
- Authors
- Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Thessaly (GR)
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Corresponding author
- Hatzigeorgiadis, Antonis
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 348-356
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W2057172229
- Cited by
- 361
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Thessaly Institutional Repository (University of Thessaly) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Sports and Physical Education Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Keywords
- self-talk, athletic performance, instructional self-talk, motivational self-talk, motor skill learning, task novelty, moderators of intervention effectiveness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
