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Self-Talk and Sports Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Based on the premise that what people think influences their actions, self-talk strategies have been developed to direct and facilitate human performance. In this article, we present a meta-analytic review of the effects of self-talk interventions on task performance in sport and possible factors that may moderate the effectiveness of self-talk. A total of 32 studies yielding 62 effect sizes were included in the final meta-analytic pool. The analysis revealed a positive moderate effect size (ES = .48). The moderator analyses showed that self-talk interventions were more effective for tasks involving relatively fine, compared with relatively gross, motor demands, and for novel, compared with well-learned, tasks. Instructional self-talk was more effective for fine tasks than was motivational self-talk; moreover, instructional self-talk was more effective for fine tasks rather than gross tasks. Finally, interventions including self-talk training were more effective than those not including self-talk training. The results of this study establish the effectiveness of self-talk in sport, encourage the use of self-talk as a strategy to facilitate learning and enhance performance, and provide new research directions.
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“Teaching concentration can increase youth athletes’ abilities to focus, as can self-talk, and linking the association between positive self-talk and performance in youth athletes is paramount (Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011).”
From Integrating Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) with Psychological Skills Training (PST): a case study (2025) · cites this paper as Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011
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Galanis, E., Papagiannis, E., Nurkse, L., Theodorakis, Y., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2022) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2022.2090989 · Cited by 11
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“…crucial role in influencing decision-making [3], facilitating emotion regulation [4], and adapting to challenges [5], and thus has been employed in a variety of activities, such as enhancing performance in sports [6,7], boosting academic involvement [8], and managing anxiety in public speaking [9].”
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“…1－ 2）に全回答の 70％以上が偏って回答していた項目が 5項目 （“帰りたい”，“やる気が出ない”，“もうやめた い”，“うんざりだ”，“嫌だ”）見られた．該当項 目を確認したところ，いずれも重要な試合場面 においては生じにくく，否定的回答への偏りが 予想される思考の項目であったことから除外は せず，全68項目に対して最尤法による因子分析 を行った．因子の解釈可能性から 4因子構造が 妥当であると判断した．そこで再度…”
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Groslambert, A., Baron, B., Grappe, F., Scholler, V., Lacroix, E., & Ferréol, G. (2021) · Advances in Physical Education · doi:10.4236/ape.2021.113030 · Cited by 5
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Weinberg, R. S. (2018) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2017-0142 · Cited by 4
Wood, S., & Turner, M. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1617548 · Cited by 3
A qualitative examination of tilt in League of Legends esports players
Fuentes, R., & Sánchez, X. (2025) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2025.2594513 · Cited by 3
Private speech improves cognitive performance in young adults
Guo, X., & Dobkins, K. R. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103585 · Cited by 3
“…literature directly demonstrating the beneficial effects of private speech on sports performance, for example, when first learning to golf (see Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011; Thibodeaux & Winsler, 2018, 2022 for reviews and perspectives, noting that some of these studies involved instructing…”
Reframing self-talk in endurance sports using grammatical taxonomy
Wallentin, M., & Nedergaard, J. (2023) · Cognitive Semiotics · doi:10.1515/cogsem-2023-2006 · Cited by 5
Dietz, D., Rogers, S., Rasch, J., Sakel, S., Wagener, N., Butz, A. M., & Hoppe, M. (2025) · ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST) · doi:10.1145/3756884.3765986 · Cited by 3
Chiu, Y., Lu, F. J.-H., Gill, D. L., Lin, T.-W., Chang, C.-C., & Wu, S.-C. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.7034 · Cited by 3
“, 2009), and task characteristics (Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011).”
Teacher-Preparation Programs and Trauma-Informed Teaching Practices: Getting Students to CHILL
Bailey, S. (2022) · Current Issues in Education · doi:10.14507/cie.vol23.iss3.2057 · Cited by 3
Self-Validation Theory: Confidence can Increase but also Decrease Performance in Applied Settings
Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., Moreno, L., & Gandarillas, B. (2023) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2023.5 · Cited by 3
The Effects of Psyching-Up on Maximal Force Production: A Systematic Review
Cusimano, K., Freeman, P., Pawaar, J., & Moran, J. (2024) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000830 · Cited by 3
Adaptação Humana ao Stress em Contextos Desportivos: Teoria, Avaliação, Investigação e Intervenção
Gomes, R. (2017) · Motricidade · doi:10.6063/motricidade.7697 · Cited by 3
Massey, W. V. (2013) · UWM Digital Commons (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee) · Cited by 3
Hansen, A. A., Perry, J. E., Lace, J. W., Merz, Z. C., Montgomery, T. L., & Ross, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2018-0063 · Cited by 3
An Analysis of Self-Talk and Flow State of Athletes in Team and Individual Sports
Eryücel, M. E. (2019) · Journal of Education and Learning · doi:10.5539/jel.v8n2p286 · Cited by 3
Private speech amount positively predicts memory performance in young adults
Guo, X., & Dobkins, K. R. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103534 · Cited by 3
Mental Toughness and Its Relationship on Sport Performance Outcomes: When Things Get Tough Enough
Bisri, M., Saputri, M. A., & Chusniyah, T. (2022) · Jurnal Sains Psikologi · doi:10.17977/um023v11i22022p172-180 · Cited by 3
Mayer, J., & Hermann, H.-D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-56802-6_20 · Cited by 3
Saha, S., Pahan, M. K., Karmakar, D., Kaur, G. I. J., & Gurjar, R. (2025) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2025.09.043 · Cited by 2
Talking about and coping with pain and suffering in ultrarunning as moral language
Gross, T. (2025) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2025.2453681 · Cited by 2
“In recent decades, it has become an increasingly prominent topic in sport psychology (Hatzigeorgiadis et al. 2011; Latinjak et al. 2020; Van Raalte, Vincent, and Brewer 2016), as well as sports medicine (Basset et al. 2022; St Clair Gibson and Foster 2007; Tod et al. 2015).”
Geng, L., Zou, R., Li, J., Yu, L., & Hong, X. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319601 · Cited by 2
“This is consistent with Hatzigeorgiadis et al. [19] who concluded that people who used a self-talk intervention were effective in improving athletic performance compared to those who did not.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Thessaly (GR)
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Corresponding author
- Hatzigeorgiadis, Antonis
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 348-356
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W2057172229
- Cited by
- 361
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Thessaly Institutional Repository (University of Thessaly) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Sports and Physical Education Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Keywords
- self-talk, athletic performance, instructional self-talk, motivational self-talk, motor skill learning, task novelty, moderators of intervention effectiveness
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