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Cited by 294

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Basic Emotion Questions

Levenson, Robert W.·2011·Emotion Review
DOI 10.1177/1754073911410743
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Abstract

Among discrete emotions, basic emotions are the most elemental; most distinct; most continuous across species, time, and place; and most intimately related to survival-critical functions. For an emotion to be afforded basic emotion status it must meet criteria of: (a) distinctness (primarily in behavioral and physiological characteristics), (b) hard-wiredness (circuitry built into the nervous system), and (c) functionality (provides a generalized solution to a particular survival-relevant challenge or opportunity). A set of six emotions that most clearly meet these criteria (enjoyment, anger, disgust, fear, surprise, sadness) and three additional emotions (relief/contentment, interest, love) for which the evidence is not yet quite as strong is described. Empirical approaches that are most and least useful for establishing basic-emotion status are discussed. Basic emotions are thought to have a central organizing mechanism and to have the capacity to influence behavior, thoughts, and other fundamental processes.

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Metadata

Authors
Levenson, R. W.
Venue
Emotion Review
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2011-09-20
Volume
3
Issue
4
Pages
379-386
ISSN
  • 1754-0739 (ISSN-L)
  • 1754-0747
DOI
10.1177/1754073911410743
OpenAlex
W2161040676
Cited by
294
References
15
FWCI
16.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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