Cited by 218Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthPharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug ReactionsAntiplatelet Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

What proportion of symptomatic side effects in patients taking statins are genuinely caused by the drug? Systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials to aid individual patient choice

Finegold, Judith A, Manisty, Charlotte H, Goldacre, Ben, Barron, Anthony J, Francis, Darrel P·2014·European Journal of Preventive Cardiology

DOI 10.1177/2047487314525531

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Discussions about statin efficacy in cardiovascular prevention are always based on data from blinded randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing statin to placebo; however, discussion of side effects is not. Clinicians often assume symptoms occurring with statins are caused by statins, encouraging discontinuation. We test this assumption and calculate an evidence-based estimate of the probability of a symptom being genuinely attributable to the statin itself. METHODS: We identified RCTs comparing statin to placebo for cardiovascular prevention that reported side effects separately in the two arms. RESULTS: Among 14 primary prevention trials (46,262 participants), statin therapy increased diabetes by absolute risk of 0.5% (95% CI 0.1-1%, p = 0.012), meanwhile reducing death by a similar extent: -0.5% (-0.9 to -0.2%, p = 0.003). In the 15 secondary prevention RCTs (37,618 participants), statins decreased death by 1.4% (-2.1 to -0.7%, p < 0.001). There were no other statin-attributable symptoms, although asymptomatic liver transaminase elevation was 0.4% more frequent with statins across all trials. Serious adverse events and withdrawals were similar in both arms. CONCLUSIONS: Only a small minority of symptoms reported on statins are genuinely due to the statins: almost all would occur just as frequently on placebo. Only development of new-onset diabetes mellitus was significantly higher on statins than placebo; nevertheless only 1 in 5 of new cases were actually caused by statins. Higher statin doses produce a detectable effect, but even still the proportion attributable to statins is variable: for asymptomatic liver enzyme elevation, the majority are attributable to the higher dose; in contrast for muscle aches, the majority are not.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/2047487314525531

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins
(2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67394-1 · Cited by 6,848
Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61350-5 · Cited by 6,550
Intensive versus Moderate Lipid Lowering with Statins after Acute Coronary Syndromes
Cannon, C. P., Braunwald, E., McCabe, C. H., Rader, D. J., Rouleau, J. L., Belder, R., Joyal, S. V., Hill, K. A., Pfeffer, M. A., & Skene, A. M. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040583 · Cited by 4,938
Intensive Lipid Lowering with Atorvastatin in Patients with Stable Coronary Disease
LaRosa, J. C., Grundy, S. M., Waters, D. D., Shear, C., Barter, P., Fruchart, J.-C., Gotto, A. M., Greten, H., Kastelein, J. J. P., Shepherd, J., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa050461 · Cited by 3,489
External validity of randomised controlled trials: “To whom do the results of this trial apply?”
Rothwell, P. M. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17670-8 · Cited by 2,544
Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Taylor, F., Huffman, M. D., Macedo, A. F., Moore, T. H., Burke, M., Davey Smith, G., Ward, K., Ebrahim, S., & Gay, H. C. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004816.pub5 · Cited by 1,934
High-Dose Atorvastatin vs Usual-Dose Simvastatin for Secondary Prevention After Myocardial Infarction<SUBTITLE>The IDEAL Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial</SUBTITLE>
Pedersen, T. R. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.19.2437 · Cited by 1,548
Risk of Incident Diabetes With Intensive-Dose Compared With Moderate-Dose Statin Therapy: A Meta-analysis
Preiss, D. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.860 · Cited by 1,390
Early Intensive vs a Delayed Conservative Simvastatin Strategy in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes: Phase Z of the A to Z Trial
de Lemos, J. A., Blazing, M. A., Wiviott, S. D., Lewis, E. F., Fox, K. A. A., White, H. D., Rouleau, J.-L., Pedersen, T. R., Gardner, L. H., Mukherjee, R., et al. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.11.1307 · Cited by 1,333
Effect of pravastatin on outcomes after cardiac transplantation
Kobashigawa, J. A., Katznelson, S., Laks, H., Johnson, J. A., Yeatman, L., Wang, X. M., Chia, D., Terasaki, P. I., Sabad, A., Cogert, G. A., et al. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199509073331003 · Cited by 1,301

Show all 35 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Taylor F, 2011, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, CD004816
Calderon RM, 2010, Lancet, 85, 349

Sorted by citations

2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk
Mach, F., Baigent, C., Catapano, A. L., Koskinas, K. C., Casula, M., Badimon, L., Chapman, M. J., De Backer, G. G., Delgado, V., Ference, B. A., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455 · Cited by 8,961
2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk
Mach, F., Baigent, C., Catapano, A. L., Koskinas, K. C., Casula, M., Badimon, L., Chapman, M. J., De Backer, G. G., Delgado, V., Ference, B. A., et al. (2019) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.014 · Cited by 4,854
Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy
Collins, R., Reith, C., Emberson, J., Armitage, J., Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., Blumenthal, R., Danesh, J., Smith, G. D., DeMets, D., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31357-5 · Cited by 1,857
Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy—European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management
Stroes, E. S., Thompson, P. D., Corsini, A., Vladutiu, G. D., Raal, F. J., Ray, K. K., Roden, M., Stein, E., Tokgözoğlu, L., Nordestgaard, B. G., et al. (2015) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv043 · Cited by 1,443
Statin Safety and Associated Adverse Events: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Newman, C. B., Preiss, D., Tobert, J. A., Jacobson, T. A., Page, R. L., II, Goldstein, L. B., Chin, C. C., Tannock, L. R., Miller, M. J., Raghuveer, G., et al. (2019) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atv.0000000000000073 · Cited by 790
Dyslipidemia
Kopin, L., & Lowenstein, C. J. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/aitc201712050 · Cited by 610
Statins for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults
Chou, R., Dana, T., Blazina, I., Daeges, M., & Jeanne, T. L. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15629 · Cited by 570
Position paper Statin intolerance – an attempt at a unified definition. Position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel
Banach, M., Rizzo, M., Toth, P. P., Farnier, M., Davidson, M. H., Al‐Rasadi, K., Aronow, W. S., Athyros, V. G., Djuric, D. M., Владиславович, Е. М., et al. (2015) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2015.49807 · Cited by 386
Psychobiological mechanisms of placebo and nocebo effects: pathways to improve treatments and reduce side effects
Petrie, K. J., & Rief, W. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102907 · Cited by 309
Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force
Chou, R., Cantor, A., Dana, T., Wagner, J., Ahmed, A. Y., Fu, R., & Ferencik, M. (2022) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2022.12138 · Cited by 287
N-of-1 Trial of a Statin, Placebo, or No Treatment to Assess Side Effects
Wood, F. A., Howard, J. P., Finegold, J. A., Nowbar, A. N., Thompson, D. M., Arnold, A. D., Rajkumar, C. A., Connolly, S., Cegla, J., Stride, C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2031173 · Cited by 274
Self-citation
Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management of Statin Adverse Effects and Intolerance: Canadian Consensus Working Group Update (2016)
Mancini, G. B. J., Baker, S. K., Bergeron, J., FITCHETT, D. H., Frohlich, J. J., Genest, J. J., Gupta, M., Hegele, R. A., Ng, D. S., Pearson, G. J., et al. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2016.01.003 · Cited by 257
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention in rheumatoid arthritis
Semb, A. G., Ikdahl, E., Wibetoe, G., Crowson, C. S., & Rollefstad, S. (2020) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/s41584-020-0428-y · Cited by 221
Side Effect Patterns in a Crossover Trial of Statin, Placebo, and No Treatment
Howard, J. P., Wood, F. A., Finegold, J. A., Nowbar, A. N., Thompson, D. M., Arnold, A. D., Rajkumar, C. A., Connolly, S., Cegla, J., Stride, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.022 · Cited by 198
Self-citation
Non-cardiovascular effects associated with statins
Desai, C. S., Martin, S. S., & Blumenthal, R. S. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g3743 · Cited by 174
Dyslipidemia
Arvanitis, M., & Lowenstein, C. J. (2023) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/aitc202306200 · Cited by 174
Statin intolerance – an attempt at a unified definition. Position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel: This paper is also published in parallel in Archives of Medical Science [Banach M, Rizzo M, Toth PP, et al. Statin intolerance – an attempt at a unified definition. Position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11(1): 1–23]
Banach, M., Rizzo, M., Toth, P. P., Farnier, M., Davidson, M. H., Al-Rasadi, K., Aronow, W. S., Athyros, V., Djuric, D. M., Ezhov, M. V., et al. (2015) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1517/14740338.2015.1039980 · Cited by 162
Systematic review of the predictors of statin adherence for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Hope, H. F., Binkley, G. M., Fenton, S. A. M., Kitas, G. D., Verstappen, S. M. M., & Symmons, D. P. M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201196 · Cited by 148
Management of Dyslipidemia for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction: Synopsis of the 2014 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline
Downs, J. R., & O’Malley, P. G. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m15-0840 · Cited by 137
Simvastatin and vitamin D for migraine prevention: A randomized, controlled trial
Buettner, C., Nir, R., Bertisch, S. M., Bernstein, C. A., Schain, A. J., Mittleman, M. A., & Burstein, R. (2015) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24534 · Cited by 136
The nocebo effect in the context of statin intolerance
Tobert, J. A., & Newman, C. B. (2016) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2016.05.002 · Cited by 127
Introducing the ‘Drucebo’ effect in statin therapy: a systematic review of studies comparing reported rates of statin‐associated muscle symptoms, under blinded and open‐label conditions
Penson, P. E., Mancini, G. B. J., Toth, P. P., Martin, S. S., Watts, G. F., Sahebkar, A., Mikhailidis, D. P., Banach, M., & on behalf of Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta‐Analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group & International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP) (2018) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12344 · Cited by 110
Novel and future lipid-modulating therapies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Brandts, J., & Ray, K. K. (2023) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00860-8 · Cited by 109
Efficacy of Bifidobacterium longum alone or in multi-strain probiotic formulations during early life and beyond
Mills, S., Yang, B. K., Smith, G., Stanton, C., & Ross, R. P. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2186098 · Cited by 117
Muscle- and skeletal-related side-effects of statins: tip of the iceberg?
Auer, J., Sinzinger, H. F., Franklin, B., & Berent, R. (2014) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487314550804 · Cited by 88
The effects of cinnamon supplementation on blood lipid concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Maierean, S. M., Șerban, M.-C., Sahebkar, A., Ursoniu, S., Serban, A., Penson, P. E., & Banach, M. (2017) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.004 · Cited by 84
Patient-Accessible Tool for Shared Decision Making in Cardiovascular Primary Prevention
Fontana, M., Asaria, P., Moraldo, M., Finegold, J. A., Hassanally, K., Manisty, C., & Francis, D. P. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.007595 · Cited by 81
Self-citation
Is statin-modified reduction in lipids the most important preventive therapy for cardiovascular disease? A pro/con debate
Hobbs, F. R., Banach, M., Mikhailidis, D. P., Malhotra, A., & Capewell, S. (2016) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0550-5 · Cited by 76
The Influence of Side Effect Information Framing on Nocebo Effects
Faasse, K., Huynh, A., Pearson, S., Geers, A. L., Helfer, S. G., & Colagiuri, B. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay071 · Cited by 72
Muscle Toxicity of Drugs: When Drugs Turn Physiology into Pathophysiology
Janssen, L., Allard, N. A. E., Saris, C. G. J., Keijer, J., Hopman, M. T. E., & Timmers, S. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00002.2019 · Cited by 71
Optimal strategies for monitoring lipid levels in patients at risk or with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review with statistical and cost-effectiveness modelling
Perera, R., McFadden, E. C., McLellan, J., Lung, T. W.-C., Clarke, P., Pérez, T., Fanshawe, T. R., Dalton, A., Farmer, A. A., Glasziou, P., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta191000 · Cited by 63
Statins and Voriconazole Induce Programmed Cell Death in Acanthamoeba castellanii
Martín-Navarro, C. M., López‐Arencibia, A., Sifaoui, I., Reyes-Batllé, M., Valladares, B., Martínez‐Carretero, E., Piñero, J. E., Maciver, S. K., & Lorenzo‐Morales, J. (2015) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00066-15 · Cited by 60
Unhelpful information about adverse drug reactions
Tan, K., Petrie, K. J., Faasse, K., Bolland, M. J., & Grey, A. B. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g5019 · Cited by 62
Cardiovascular risk assessment and lipid modification: NICE guideline
Duerden, M. G., O’Flynn, N., & Qureshi, N. (2015) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp15x685933 · Cited by 59
Proportion of High-Risk/Very High-Risk Patients in Europe with Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol at Target According to European Guidelines: A Systematic Review
Bruckert, É., Parhofer, K. G., González‐Juanatey, J. R., Nordestgaard, B. G., Arca, M., Giovas, P. P., & Ray, K. K. (2020) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01285-2 · Cited by 59
Assessment of pharmacogenetic tests: presenting measures of clinical validity and potential population impact in association studies
Tonk, E. C. M., Gurwitz, D., der Zee, A. H. M., & Janssens, A. C. J. W. (2016) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/tpj.2016.34 · Cited by 58
Discussion around statin discontinuation in older adults and patients with wasting diseases
Banach, M., & Serban, M. (2016) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12109 · Cited by 56
Contemporary Management of Dyslipidemia
Ferraro, R., Leucker, T. M., Martin, S. S., Banach, M., Jones, S. R., & Toth, P. P. (2022) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-022-01691-6 · Cited by 59
A systematic review of factors associated with side‐effect expectations from medical interventions
Smith, L., Webster, R., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13059 · Cited by 54
Cost-Effectiveness of Lipid-Lowering Treatments in Young Adults
Kohli-Lynch, C. N., Bellows, B. K., Zhang, Y., Spring, B. J., Kazi, D. S., Pletcher, M. J., Vittinghoff, E., Allen, N. B., & Moran, A. E. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.065 · Cited by 54
Pharmacogenetic Foundations of Therapeutic Efficacy and Adverse Events of Statins
Arrigoni, E., Re, M. D., Fidilio, L., Fogli, S., Danesi, R., & Paolo, A. D. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18010104 · Cited by 52
Establishment of an International Collaborative Network for N-of-1 Trials and Single-Case Designs
Nikles, J., Onghena, P., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Wicksell, R. K., Simons, L. E., McGree, J. M., & McDonald, S. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100826 · Cited by 52
Statins versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Walsh, A., Perrem, L., Khashan, A. S., Henry, M. T., & Chróinín, M. N. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011959.pub2 · Cited by 48
Cost-effectiveness of Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level–Guided Statin Treatment in Patients With Borderline Cardiovascular Risk
Kohli-Lynch, C. N., Bellows, B. K., Thanassoulis, G., Zhang, Y., Pletcher, M. J., Vittinghoff, E., Pencina, M. J., Kazi, D. S., Sniderman, A. D., & Moran, A. E. (2019) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2019.2851 · Cited by 47
10-year trends in statin utilization in Taiwan: a retrospective study using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database
Hsieh, H.-C., Hsu, J. C., & Lu, C. Y. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014150 · Cited by 44
Statin tolerability: In defence of placebo-controlled trials
Tobert, J. A., & Newman, C. B. (2015) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487315602861 · Cited by 43
High perceived sensitivity to medicines is associated with higher medical care utilisation, increased symptom reporting and greater information-seeking about medication
Faasse, K., Grey, A. B., Horne, R., & Petrie, K. J. (2015) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.3751 · Cited by 41
Meta-analysis of the Placebo and Nocebo effects associated with Placebo treatment in randomized trials of lipid-lowering therapies
Chin, Y. H., Lim, O. Z.-H., Lin, C., Chan, Y. Y., Kong, G., Ng, C. H., Chong, B., Syn, N. L. X., Chan, K. E., Muthiah, M. D., et al. (2022) · European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes · doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcac060 · Cited by 40
Statin myopathy: the fly in the ointment for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the 21st century?
Keen, H. I., Krishnarajah, J., Bates, T. R., & Watts, G. F. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1517/14740338.2014.937422 · Cited by 40
Strategies for Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Based on Risk Stratification by the ACC/AHA Lipid Guidelines, ATP III Guidelines, Coronary Calcium Scoring, and C-Reactive Protein, and a Global Treat-All Strategy: A Comparative--Effectiveness Modeling Study
Galper, B. Z., Wang, Y. C., & Einstein, A. J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138092 · Cited by 38
Nocebo effects in health psychology
Faasse, K. (2019) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12392 · Cited by 42
Rhabdomyolysis-Induced AKI (RIAKI) Including the Role of COVID-19
Młynarska, E., Krzemińska, J., Wronka, M., Franczyk, B., & Rysz, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158215 · Cited by 41
Under-prescribing of Prevention Drugs and Primary Prevention of Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack in UK General Practice: A Retrospective Analysis
Turner, G., Calvert, M., Feltham, M. G., Ryan, R. P., Fitzmaurice, D., Cheng, K. K., & Marshall, T. P. (2016) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002169 · Cited by 36
L ow‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes: Lipid goal attainment in a large German–Austrian diabetes registry
Brandts, J., Tittel, S. R., Bramlage, P., Danne, T., Brix, J. M., Zimny, S., Heyer, C. H. J., Holl, R. W., & Müller‐Wieland, D. (2023) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15264 · Cited by 30
Statin-induced calcific Achilles tendinopathy in rats: comparison of biomechanical and histopathological effects of simvastatin, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin
Kaleağasıoğlu, F., Olcay, E., & Olgaç, V. (2015) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-015-3728-z · Cited by 30
Evidence-Based Prescribing
Naci, H., van Valkenhoef, G., Higgins, J. P. T., Fleurence, R., & Ades, A. E. (2014) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.114.000825 · Cited by 28
Inconsistencies and Misleading Information in Officially Approved Prescribing Information From Three Major Drug Markets
Pfistermeister, B., Saß, A., Criegee‐Rieck, M., Bürkle, T., Fromm, M. F., & Maas, R. (2014) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.2014.156 · Cited by 28
Effect of atorvastatin on muscle symptoms in coronary heart disease patients with self-perceived statin muscle side effects: a randomized, double-blinded crossover trial
Kristiansen, O., Vethe, N. T., Peersen, K., Wang Fagerland, M., Sverre, E., Prunés Jensen, E., Lindberg, M., Gjertsen, E., Gullestad, L., Perk, J., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa076 · Cited by 27
Beyond 10-Year Risk: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Statins for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Kohli-Lynch, C. N., Lewsey, J., Boyd, K. A., French, D. D., Jordan, N., Moran, A. E., Sattar, N. A., Preiss, D., & Briggs, A. H. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.057631 · Cited by 25
The Power of Labeling in Nocebo Effects
Faasse, K., & Martin, L. R. (2018) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.016 · Cited by 25
Nocebo response in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Rato, M. L., Duarte, G. S., Nunes-Ferreira, A., Alves, M., Mainoli, B., Teodoro, T., Mestre, T., Costa, J. N., & Ferreira, J. J. (2019) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.04.015 · Cited by 24
Statin‐associated muscle symptoms: A comprehensive exploration of epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and clinical management strategies
Shah, M., Shrestha, K., Tseng, C., Goyal, A., Liewluck, T., & Gupta, L. (2024) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.15337 · Cited by 25
Should we reconsider the role of age in treatment allocation for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease?
Leening, M. J. G., Cook, N. R., & Ridker, P. M. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw287 · Cited by 23
Cardiovascular risk and aging: the need for a more comprehensive understanding.
Majnarić, L. T., Bosnić, Z., Kurevija, T., & Wittlinger, T. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2021.06.004 · Cited by 22
Comparison of Frequency of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Noninfectious Gastroenteritis Among Statin Users Versus Nonusers
Khalil, D., Boktor, M., Mortensen, E. M., Frei, C. R., & Mansi, I. A. (2015) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.02.035 · Cited by 23
Cost-effectiveness of statin treatment for primary prevention in conditions of real-world adherence – Estimates from the Finnish prescription register
Aarnio, E., Korhonen, M. J., Huupponen, R., & Martikainen, J. A. (2015) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.059 · Cited by 22
Assessing potential population impact of statin treatment for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in the USA: population-based modelling study
Yang, Q., Zhong, Y., Gillespie, C., Merritt, R. K., Bowman, B. A., George, M. G., & Flanders, W. D. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011684 · Cited by 22
Assessment and management of the heightened risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in patients with lupus erythematosus or dermatomyositis
Keyes, E., Grinnell, M., Jacoby, D. S., Vazquez, T., Diaz, D., Werth, V. P., & Williams, K. J. (2021) · International Journal of Women’s Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.08.015 · Cited by 21
Statin-associated muscle symptoms EAS Consensus Panel paper focuses on this neglected patient group
Stock, J. K. (2015) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.049 · Cited by 21
Understanding adverse drug reactions in package leaflets – an exploratory survey among health care professionals
Mühlbauer, V., & Mühlhauser, I. (2015) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1160-1 · Cited by 20
Assessing the Incidence of New-onset Diabetes Mellitus with Statin Use: A Systematic Review of the Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses
Singh, H., authorship., T. A. H. C. E. T. T. W. A. S. F., Sikarwar, P., authorship., T. A. H. C. E. T. T. W. A. S. F., Khurana, S., & Sharma, J. (2022) · touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/ee.2022.18.2.96 · Cited by 20
Statin intolerance – a question of definition
Algharably, E. A. E., Filler, I., Rosenfeld, S., Grabowski, K., & Kreutz, R. H. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1238898 · Cited by 19
Distribution of lifespan gain from primary prevention intervention
Finegold, J. A., Shun-Shin, M. J., Cole, G. D., Zaman, S., Maznyczka, A., Zaman, S. U., Al-Lamee, R. K., Ye, S., & Francis, D. P. (2016) · Open Heart · doi:10.1136/openhrt-2015-000343 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
A content analysis of the representation of statins in the British newsprint media
Chisnell, J., Marshall, T. P., Hyde, C., Zhelev, Z., & Fleming, L. E. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012613 · Cited by 18
Patterns of statin utilisation for new users and market dynamics in South Korea: a 13-year retrospective cohort study
Son, K., & Bae, S. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026603 · Cited by 18
The impact of statins on physical activity and exercise capacity: an overview of the evidence, mechanisms, and recommendations
Schweitzer, A. M., Gingrich, M. A., Hawke, T. J., & Rebalka, I. A. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04360-2 · Cited by 22
Pharmacogenomics of statin therapy
Hopewell, J. C., Reith, C. A., & Armitage, J. (2014) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000125 · Cited by 17
Cost-Effectiveness of a Polypill for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in an Underserved Population
Kohli-Lynch, C. N., Moran, A. E., Kazi, D. S., Bibbins-Domingo, K. B., Jordan, N., French, D. D., Zhang, Y., Wang, T. J., & Bellows, B. K. (2025) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2024.4812 · Cited by 16
Study protocol for statin web-based investigation of side effects (StatinWISE): a series of randomised controlled N-of-1 trials comparing atorvastatin and placebo in UK primary care
Herrett, E. L., Williamson, E., Beaumont, D., Prowse, D., Youssouf, N. F., Brack, K. E., Armitage, J., Goldacre, B. M., MacDonald, T. M., van Staa, T. P., et al. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016604 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Adverse events with botulinum toxin treatment in cervical dystonia: How much should we blame placebo?
Duarte, G. S., Rodrigues, F. B., Ferreira, J. J., & Costa, J. N. (2018) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.06.017 · Cited by 16
Statin Adverse Events in Primary Prevention: Between Randomized Trials and Observational Studies
Mansi, I. A., & Palmer, B. F. (2015) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/maj.0000000000000527 · Cited by 15
Statin Use and Self-Reported Hindering Muscle Complaints in Older Persons: A Population Based Study
van der Ploeg, M. A., Poortvliet, R. K. E., van Blijswijk, S. C. E., den Elzen, W. P. J., van Peet, P. G., de Ruijter, W., Blom, J. W., & Gussekloo, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166857 · Cited by 15
Statins: Rationale, Mode of Action, and Side Effects
Sultan, S., D'Souza, A., Zabetakis, I., Lordan, R., Τσούπρας, Α., Kavanagh, E. P., & Hynes, N. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813792-5.00006-9 · Cited by 18
It is not just the drugs that matter: the nocebo effect
Wojtukiewicz, M. Z., Polityńska, B., Skalij, P., Tokajuk, P., Wojtukiewicz, A. M., & Honn, K. V. (2019) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-019-09800-w · Cited by 15
Closing the gap between guidelines and clinical practice for managing dyslipidemia: where are we now?
Sheth, S., Banach, M., & Toth, P. P. (2024) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1080/14779072.2024.2398444 · Cited by 14
Development and Validation of Algorithms to Identify Statin Intolerance in a US Administrative Database
Schulman, K. L., Lamerato, L. E., Dalal, M. R., Sung, J., Jhaveri, M., Koren, A., Mallya, U. G., & Foody, J. M. (2016) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2016.03.1858 · Cited by 14
Lipophilic Statins as Anticancer Agents: Molecular Targeted Actions and Proposal in Advanced Gynaecological Malignancies
Gizzo, S., Quaranta, M., Nardelli, G. B., & Noventa, M. (2015) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1389450116666150330113239 · Cited by 14
Low use of statins for secondary prevention in primary care: a survey in a northern Swedish population
Nilsson, G. H., Samuelsson, E. C., Söderström, L., & Mooe, T. (2016) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-016-0505-0 · Cited by 14
Hypolipidaemic and Insulin Secretagogue Activities of (R)-(−)-Carvone
Abbas, M. A., Oriquat, G. A., Abbas, M. M., Al-Najjar, B. O., & Kandil, Y. I. (2020) · Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.21315/mjms2020.27.6.5 · Cited by 14
Statin Recapture Therapy before Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Trial: Rationale and study design of a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded controlled clinical trial
Liakopoulos, O. J., Kuhn, E. W., Hellmich, M., Kuhr, K., Krause, P., Reuter, H., Thurat, M., Choi, Y., & Wahlers, T. (2015) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2015.04.015 · Cited by 13
Development and Content Validity of the Statin Experience Assessment Questionnaire (SEAQ)©
Jacobson, T. A., Edelman, S. V., Galipeau, N., Shields, A. L., Mallya, U. G., Koren, A., & Davidson, M. H. (2016) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-016-0211-y · Cited by 13
Statins and Lower Gastrointestinal Conditions: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Pearlman, M. Y., Covin, Y. N., Schmidt, R., Mortensen, E. M., & Mansi, I. A. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/jcph.895 · Cited by 12
Association Between Statin Use and Prevalence of Exercise-Related Injuries: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Amateur Runners in the Netherlands
Bakker, E. A., Timmers, S., Hopman, M. T. E., Thompson, P. D., Verbeek, A. L. M., & Eijsvogels, T. M. H. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0681-7 · Cited by 13
Statin Use and Hyperglycemia: Do Statins Cause Diabetes?
Bredefeld, C., Choi, P., Cullen, T., Nicolich-Henkin, S., & Waters, L. (2024) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-024-01266-8 · Cited by 11
Treat-to-target versus dose-adapted statin treatment of cholesterol to reduce cardiovascular risk
Müller‐Wieland, D., Assmann, G., Carmena, R., Davignon, J., von Eckardstein, A., Farinaro, E., Greten, H., OLSSON, A. G., Riesen, W. F., & Shlyakhto, E. V. (2015) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487314567001 · Cited by 11
Misinterpretation of trial evidence on statin adverse effects may harm patients
Golomb, B. A. (2014) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487314533085 · Cited by 11
Genuine versus bogus scientific controversies: the case of statins
Martini, C. M. C., & Andreoletti, M. (2021) · History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40656-021-00456-w · Cited by 11
Statin associated adverse reactions in Latin America: a scoping review
Urina-Jassir, M., Pacheco-Paez, T., Páez-Canro, C., & Urina‐Triana, M. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050675 · Cited by 10
What proportion of symptomatic side-effects in patients taking statins are genuinely caused by the drug? A response to letters
Finegold, J. A., & Francis, D. P. (2015) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487314550805 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Unblinded and Blinded N-of-1 Trials Versus Usual Care: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Statin Uptake in Primary Care
Tudor, K., Brooks, J., Howick, J., Fox, R., & Aveyard, P. (2022) · Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.120.007793 · Cited by 9

Authors: Finegold, J. A., Manisty, C. H., Goldacre, B., Barron, A. J., & Francis, D. P.
Affiliations: Imperial College London (GB)
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
Corresponding author: Finegold, Judith A
ORCID: Manisty, Charlotte H
Goldacre, Ben
Barron, Anthony J
Venue: European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2014-03-12
Volume: 21
Issue: 4
Pages: 464-474
ISSN: 2047-4873 (ISSN-L)
2047-4881
DOI: 10.1177/2047487314525531
OpenAlex: W2105299596
Cited by: 214
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 28
FWCI: 6.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: European Journal of Preventive Cardiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
National Institute for Health and Care Research (FS/10/038)
British Heart Foundation (FS 10/038, PG/11/36/2883, FS/10/38/28268)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Antiplatelet Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases
Keywords: statins, adverse drug reactions, new-onset diabetes, liver transaminase elevation, muscle aches, cardiovascular disease prevention, primary prevention, secondary prevention, statin dose
MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Liver, Muscular Diseases, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Placebo Effect, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Risk Assessment, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

What proportion of symptomatic side effects in patients taking statins are genuinely caused by the drug? Systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials to aid individual patient choice

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks