Caught in the moment: Are there person-specific associations between momentary procrastination and passively measured smartphone use?

“With respect to the why, research suggests procrastination might be triggered by internal feeling states (e.g., fatigue; Steel, 2007), task characteristics (Steel, 2007), and temptations in our environment (e.”

“Such person-specific associations are important to report, as theoretical and empirical work suggests human subjects research to be fraught with limited group-to-individual generalizability (Fisher et al., 2018; Molenaar, 2004).”

“Because people keep a smartphone close by, they can easily succumb to the temptation of pursuing the device’s plentiful social and informational rewards rather than the task they intended to perform (Oulasvirta et al., 2012).”

“Such person-specific associations are important to report, as theoretical and empirical work suggests human subjects research to be fraught with limited group-to-individual generalizability (Fisher et al., 2018; Molenaar, 2004).”

“Procrastination also commonly rears its head when students delay studying, even though they will face greater workload and stress as a result (Steel, 2007; Tice & Baumeister, 1997).”

“For instance, students commonly cannot resist using their smartphone every few minutes while studying (Rosen et al., 2013), potentially due to the widespread habit of smartphone checking (Bayer et al., 2016; Oulasvirta et al., 2012).”

“To test H1 through H4, we estimated momentary associations between procrastination and smartphone usage patterns, using the dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) framework in Mplus v8 (Asparouhov et al., 2018; McNeish & Hamaker, 2019).”

“We applied latent person-mean centering (for an explanation see McNeish & Hamaker, 2019).”

“…an irrational, voluntary delay to starting or completing an intended course of action; Steel, 2007) and sits well with research showing that both procrastination (Steel & Klingsieck, 2016) and (passively logged) smartphone use (e.g., Amez et al., 2019) are associated with poorer study outcomes.”

“Such behaviors would ideally be passively logged or sensed (e.g., face-to-face conversations; Harari et al., 2016) rather than self-reported.”

“A minority of students were instructed and motivated individually via a telephone call or a WhatsApp conversation.”

“It should be noted that whereas ample studies indicate notifications have an attentional cost (e.g., Stothart et al., 2015), recent experimental work suggests auditory and visual notifications are fairly benign (e.g., Johannes, Dora et al., 2019; Johannes, Veling, et al., 2019).”

“…arguably have two modes: (a) brief bursts of task-irrelevant behaviors that intersperse intended tasks (e.g., multitasking between media and tasks; Meier et al., 2016), or (b) behaviors that displace to-be-completed tasks for an extended period (e.g., binge watching; Merrill & Rubenking, 2019).”

“One potential explanation for this trend might be the meteoric rise in the availability of smartphones (Rozental & Carlbring, 2014; Steel, 2011).”

“To date, most studies have used a cross-sectional selfreport survey design to demonstrate that individuals who excessively use their smartphones also tend to procrastinate more (e.g., Im & Jang, 2017; Rozgonjuk et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2019).”

“As argued by Bayer et al. (2016), in real life, smartphone notifications are very personally relevant stimuli: they are “connection cues” that trigger the habit of digitally interacting with others.”

“Binge watching series on these platforms is highly common (Flayelle et al., 2020), frequently motivated by a desire to procrastinate (Merrill & Rubenking, 2019), and often results in the postponement of other activities (De Feijter et al., 2016).”

“To date, most studies have used a cross-sectional selfreport survey design to demonstrate that individuals who excessively use their smartphones also tend to procrastinate more (e.g., Im & Jang, 2017; Rozgonjuk et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2019).”

“Smartphones are conducive to procrastination because people are more likely to procrastinate when temptations are proximal (Duckworth et al., 2016; Steel, 2011; Steel et al., 2018).”

“, fatigue; Steel, 2007), task characteristics (Steel, 2007), and temptations in our environment (e.g., smartphones; Duckworth et al., 2016).”

“…judge their smartphone use to be a waste of time, even if it has salubrious effects, such as recovering from the wear and tear of daily life (cf. Reinecke & Hofmann, 2016), and serves other long-term aims that students might not be fully aware of, such as strengthening ties with friends (Vanden…”

“…level) by including autoregressive parameters, while controlling for the non-equidistant measurements due to pseudo-random sampling (i.e., when one pair of measurements are 2 hrs apart and another pair 5 hrs; de Haan-Rietdijk et al., 2017), by using the TINTERVAL OPTION – here set to 3 hrs.”

“First, like the daily diary study by Schnauber-Stockmann et al. (2018), research should investigate personspecific associations between procrastination and multiple (media) behaviors (e.g., watching television), in addition to smartphone usage patterns.”

“Binge watching series on these platforms is highly common (Flayelle et al., 2020), frequently motivated by a desire to procrastinate (Merrill & Rubenking, 2019), and often results in the postponement of other activities (De Feijter et al., 2016).”

“On average, we analyzed t = 123 observations per person, which is sufficient for person-specific or n = 1 analyses (Voelkle et al., 2012).”

“However, this may have been because the stimuli under investigation did not contain personally relevant information such as sender name, while experimental work suggests that more personally relevant stimuli more strongly interfere with attention (Wingenfeld et al., 2006).”

“…an irrational, voluntary delay to starting or completing an intended course of action; Steel, 2007) and sits well with research showing that both procrastination (Steel & Klingsieck, 2016) and (passively logged) smartphone use (e.g., Amez et al., 2019) are associated with poorer study outcomes.”

“To date, most studies have used a cross-sectional selfreport survey design to demonstrate that individuals who excessively use their smartphones also tend to procrastinate more (e.g., Im & Jang, 2017; Rozgonjuk et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2019).”

“…observed associations between procrastination and smartphone use might have been (strongly) driven by questionable measurement practices, as this appears to have been the case for the association between smartphone use and psychological well-being (cf. Davidson et al., 2020; Sewall et al., 2019).”

“If short delays from interruptions accumulate over the course of a workday, they should increase procrastination (see also Aalbers et al., 2021).”

“On one hand, procrastination with high prevalence and obvious consequences highlights the importance to explore the complex phenomenon deeply, especially the meteoric rise in availability of information and communications technologies (ICTs) amplifies chronic procrastination, such as problematic social media use, smar…”

“According to the theoretical and empirical studies that have been reviewed [6,7,17,18,23,30,31], academic procrastination seems to be predicted by smartphone distraction and could predict academic anxiety.”

“Moreover, research indicated that passively measured smartphone use was related positively to procrastination among undergraduates [58].”

“Individuals tend to turn to media for grati fi cations such as intrinsic need satisfaction (Oh et al., 2014), as a distraction, or to procrastinate less enjoyable tasks (Aalbers et al., 2021).”

“Newer sampling methods such as smartphone logging have been developed that can measure actual smartphone usage patterns (Aalbers et al., 2022; Andrews et al., 2015).”

“Such features might represent any quantification of raw log data of digital devices, ranging from simple (eg, time spent using a device) [19] to more complex (eg, daily life patterns derived from device use) [20].”

“While the findings of our study, along with the findings of previous studies (Aalbers et al., 2021), provide insights into the associations of SMU with different aspects of self-regulation, that is, attentional control and self-control, research is needed that investigates the impact of SMU on adolescents’ general sel…”

“Some users will show positive relations, some negative, and others no relation at all, leading to overall negligible average relations (Aalbers et al., 2021; Beyens et al., 2020; Siebers et al., 2021; Valkenburg et al., 2021).”

“As such, idiographic methods consider individual differences in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, which previous research suggests are person specific (Aalbers et al., 2021; Fisher et al., 2017).”

“Addictive use of smartphones is a dominant time waster as it makes nurses distracted by other irrelevant or tempting applications on the smartphone and information, which could progress to procrastination behavior [15].”

“For example, a study on smartphone use conducted over 30 days 221 documented that participants were more likely to report a delay in performing a task after spending more time on their smartphone or after receiving more notifications, suggesting a close association between procrastination and…”

“In particular, while a few recent studies found in MMC take a situational approach, only a minority of studies clearly distinguished between-person from within-person effects or leveraged mobile log data (Aalbers et al., 2021; Dogruel & Schnauber-Stockmann, 2020; Sewall et al., 2020).”

“We anticipate that experience sampling methods, which are common in social media research [1, 44] but have yet to make meaningful inroads in video game research, would be particularly valuable in addressing this question.”

“A significant association has also been found between procrastination and specific Internet usage, such as problematic mobile phone use [50,63,64] or problematic social media use [64,65].”

“In this study, the push notifications, which were planned through Moodle course content and tasks, had a positive effect on reducing students’ academic procrastination, contrary to the findings of Aalbers et al. (2022).”

“…approach is rapidly gaining prominence in many disciplines, ranging from personality psychology, health psychology, and developmental psychology to neuroscience and communication science (Aalbers et al., 2021; Bolger et al., 2019; Bryan et al., 2021; Howard & Hoffman, 2018; Rose et al., 2013).”

“It can include such behaviors as unapproved technology-supported break taking, multitasking, and recreation, as well as forms of procrastination that are related to online distractions (Aalbers et al., 2022; Dewe & Cooper, 2017; Oravec, 2002).”

“This impedes their ability to master these concepts fully (Aalbers et al., 2022; Svartdal & Nemtcan, 2022), as the ZPD requires sustained effort, active involvement, and timely task completion.”

“Conceivably, this is because the relation between app use and depression/anxiety might hold in a specific subgroup only, as previous evidence suggests the association between app use and mental well-being potentially might differ from person to person [25,46-48].”

“This study seeks to address that gap through a nine-year (2014–2023) mixed-method longitudinal investigation [1] that follows a cohort of Chinese gay men and analyzes the evolving relationships they maintain with specialized social applications [16, 18–20].”

“Building productive nursing practice require eradicating counterproductive behaviors like procrastination behavior (Aalbers et al., 2022).”

“Since several previous studies have used different items to measure the moment-to-moment dynamics of state procrastination (Aalbers et al., 2022; Gadosey et al., 2021; Gort et al., 2021), these state measures of procras-tination need to be evaluated in the future.”

“Further, prior research suggests that individuals may vary in how they interact with their smartphones (24) and in how associations between passively sensed data and psychological self-reports differ across individuals (59, 65).”

“Phenomena labelled by management as “cyberslacking” today can include such behaviors as unapproved break taking, multitasking, and social media interaction, as well as forms of procrastination that are related to online distractions (Aalbers et al., 2022, p. 115; Jarrahi et al., 2022 ).”

“While overuse is associated with distraction and task-delay (Aalbers et al., 2022; Siebers et al., 2024), some types of engagement (e.g., information seeking, gaming) may support cognitive functioning (Wilmer et al., 2017).”

“…Veränderungen geben Anlass, sich neuen Forschungsfragen zuzuwenden, die im Gegensatz zu den bisher zentralen interindividuellen Differenzen den Fokus auf situative Unterschiede in der mobilen Mediennutzung legen (Aalbers et al. 2022; Bayer, Campbell, und Ling 2016; Karnowski 2020; Masur 2019).”

“В свою очередь, проблемное использование гаджетов является предиктором академической прокрастинации (Aalbers et al. 2022) и академического стресса (Akinci 2021; Психология человека в образовании, 2023, т. 5, № 1 27 Anshari et al. 2017).”