What Research Has Been Conducted on Procrastination? Evidence From a Systematical Bibliometric Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Procrastination is generally perceived as a common behavioral tendency, and there are a growing number of literatures to discuss this complex phenomenon. To elucidate the overall perspective and keep abreast of emerging trends in procrastination research, this article presents a bibliometric analysis that investigates the panorama of overviews and intellectual structures of related research on procrastination. Using the Web of Science Database, we collected 1,635 articles published between 1990 and 2020 with a topic search on “procrastination” and created diverse research maps using CiteSpace and VOS viewer. Bibliometric analysis in our research consists of category distribution, keyword co-occurrence networks, main cluster analysis, betweenness centrality analysis, burst detection analysis, and structure variation analysis. We find that most research has focused on students' samples and has discussed the definition, classification, antecedents, consequences and interventions to procrastination, whereas procrastination in diverse contexts and groups remains to be investigated. Regarding the antecedents and consequences, research has mainly been about the relationship between procrastination and personality differences, such as the five-factor model, temperament, character, emotional intelligence, and impulsivity, but functions of external factors such as task characteristics and environmental conditions to procrastination have drawn scant attention. To identify the nature and characteristics of this behavior, randomized controlled trials are usually adopted in designing empirical research. However, the predominant use of self-reported data collection and for a certain point in time rather than longitudinal designs has limited the validation of some conclusions. Notably, there have been novel findings through burst detection analysis and structure variation analysis. Certain research themes have gained extraordinary attention in a short time period, have evolved progressively during the time span from 1990 to 2020, and involve the antecedents of procrastination in a temporal context, theoretical perspectives, research methods, and typical images of procrastinators. And emerging research themes that have been investigated include bedtime procrastination, failure of social media self-control, and clinical interventions. To our knowledge, this is almost the first time to conduct systematically bibliometric analysis on the topic of procrastination and findings can provide an in-depth view of the patterns and trends in procrastination research.
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Yang, F., Ding, L., Lu, M., Chen, G., Bai, C., Wang, F., & Guo, J. M. (2023) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011231223272 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neuro-psicopatología y procrastinación.
Guillén, J. M. B. (2023) · Revista chilena de neuro-psiquiatría · doi:10.4067/s0717-92272023000200212 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quicho, J. D., Joy, L. M., & Pardo, T. (2025) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.330103 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Inquilla-Mamani, J., López-Cueva, M. A., & Mamani, E. F. (2025) · Revista Pedagogía Universitaria y Didáctica del Derecho · doi:10.5354/0719-5885.2025.73982 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wijaya, H. E., Laili, L., & Anshory, A. (2025) · Jurnal Kajian Peradaban Islam · doi:10.47076/jkpis.v8i1.319 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Advice from the editor’s desk: an introductory guide to success in education publishing
Alstete, J. W., & Flavian, H. (2024) · Quality Assurance in Education · doi:10.1108/qae-09-2023-0161 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Procrastination Preventor using YOLO
Jaybhaye, S., Patil, S., Loya, R., Rokade, T., Shirodkar, S., & Suryawanshi, S. (2023) · ITM Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/itmconf/20235401006
Nabavi, G., Serkani, S. Y. A., Yaqubnejad, A., & Hosseini, S. A. (2023) · journal of Value & Behavioral Accounting · doi:10.61186/aapc.8.15.145
Effect of Social Media on Workplace Procrastination Among Employees in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Peštek, S., Peštek, A., & Kožo, A. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60328-0_9
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Tanner, M., Hofmann, R., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2025) · Financial Planning Review · doi:10.1002/cfp2.1196
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Comparative analysis of Russian and foreign studies of procrastination: cultural context
Lubina, D. S. (2025) · Emirati Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.54878/tvk4t560
Academic Procrastination and its Associated Factors among Health Professional Students in Ajman, UAE
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Psychopathology of Procrastination: Causes, Types, and Coping Strategies
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Global research trends in STEAM education: a bibliometric analysis
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Procrastination as a Transdiagnostic Construct: A Psychopathological and Conceptual Scoping Review
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A Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Exercise Procrastination Between 1976 and 2025
Yasan, H. B., & Köse, E. (2026) · International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science · doi:10.46463/ijrss.1913116
Xu, J., Zhao, P., Ye, M., & Liu, Q. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1845521
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- Authors
- Yan, B., & Zhang, X.
- Affiliations
- Xi'an Jiaotong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Xiaomin
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-02-02
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 809044-809044
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8847795
- OpenAlex
- W4210600324
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 1.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- procrastination, procrastination interventions, Big Five personality traits, temperament, emotional intelligence, impulsivity, task characteristics, bedtime procrastination, clinical intervention, students
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