TElewoRk-RelAted Stress (TERRA), Psychological and Physical Strain of Working From Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Many workers shifted to working from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This review aims to investigate if this sudden change caused an increase in TElewoRk-RelAted stress (TERRA) which is defined as physical and mental stress caused by telework. METHODS: A systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was performed of three scientific databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus), which also included a quality assessment. Articles measuring stress, psychological or physical, in remote workers, published from December 2019 through August 2021 were included in the review. Results were extracted by reporting: authors, country, study design, type of workers, sample, questionnaires and measurements, and outcomes. Data were synthesized quantitatively for country, type of workers, and outcomes. RESULTS: Out of the 518 articles found in the three databases, 19 articles were included in the systematic review (10,012 participants overall), and 78.9% of these highlighted an increase in TERRA levels in remote workers. Among 85.7% of the studies considering gender as a variable, TERRA levels were higher in female workers. Twelve (63.2%) of the studies investigated psychological well-being, two (10.5%) focused on the physical well-being of remote workers, three (15.8%) investigated both, and two studies had other outcomes (10.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the redefinition of workplaces dictated by the COVID-19 pandemic, this review highlights the emerging issue of remote work and the use of technology in working from home, emphasizing a rapidly growing occupational health problem. Remote workers need to be provided with emotional and technical support to prevent TERRA in remote workers.
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Some previous technostress reviews deal with leadership only in passing.
“or deal with it only in passing (Berg-Beckhoff et al. 2017;Gualano et al. 2023;Marsh et al. 2022;Pflügner 2022;Rohwer et al. 2022;Shirmohammadi et al. 2022)”
From Leadership and technostress: A systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as Gualano et al. 2023
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- Authors
- Gualano, M. R., Santoro, P. E., Borrelli, I., Rossi, M. F., Amantea, C., Daniele, A., & Moscato, U.
- Affiliations
- University of Turin (IT)
- Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (IT)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Rossi, Maria Francesca
- ORCID
- Venue
- Workplace Health & Safety
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2022-11-16
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 58-67
- ISSN
- 2165-0799 (ISSN-L)
- 2165-0969
- PMC
- PMC9672980
- OpenAlex
- W4309152278
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 2.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Workplace Health & Safety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Work-Family Balance Challenges
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Technostress in Professional Settings
- Keywords
- remote work, working from home, COVID-19 pandemic, occupational stress, psychological strain, physical strain, remote workers, gender differences, psychological well-being, physical well-being, occupational health
- MeSH terms
- Occupational Stress, Teleworking, COVID-19, Emotions, Female, Humans, Occupational Diseases, Stress, Psychological, Occupational Health, Workplace, Pandemics
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