The DOI matches its Crossref record; 119 of the 121 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Emerging in a Digital World: A Decade Review of Media Use, Effects, and Gratifications in Emerging Adulthood
Open accessAbstract
This article reviews the recent literature on uses, effects, and gratifications of media during emerging adulthood. We examine traditional media forms, including television, films, video games, music, and books, and also newer media, such as cell phones, social networking sites, and other Internet use. We find that emerging adults spend more time using the media than they spend doing any other activity, with the most time being spent on the Internet and listening to music. We also find that exposure to certain types of media content can influence both positive and negative outcomes in emerging adulthood, including, aggressive and prosocial behavior, body image, sexual behavior, friendship quality, and academic achievement. We also show that emerging adults use the media to gratify certain needs; key among these are for autonomy, identity, and intimacy needs. Finally, we discuss areas for future research involving media and emerging adulthood.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Most of the data collected in the past about Internet usage concerns mainly adults and young adults (college students) [19-21].”
From Internet use and access, behavior, cyberbullying, and grooming: Results of an investigative whole city survey of adolescents (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
Citations
Cites
A Handbook of Child Psychology
(1932) · Nature · doi:10.1038/130331a0 · Cited by 10,133
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x · Cited by 9,939
Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.9.1017 · Cited by 4,793
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231 · Cited by 3,915
Kraut, R. E., Kiesler, S. B., Boneva, B. S., Cummings, J. N., Helgeson, V. S., & Crawford, A. M. (2002) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00248 · Cited by 2,367
Living with Television: The Violence Profile
Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01397.x · Cited by 2,357
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00366 · Cited by 2,219
Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8- to 18-Year-Olds
Foehr, U. G., Rideout, V. J., & Roberts, D. F. (2010) · Cited by 2,197
College students' social networking experiences on Facebook
Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2009) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010 · Cited by 2,081
Generation M2 : Media in the Lives of 8- to 18-year-olds
Rideout, V. (2010) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,016
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Cherry K. L., 2010, Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 70, 3245
- Choo H., 2010, Annals Academy of Medicine, 39, 822
- Coyne S. M., 2012, A whole new reason to call mom: Cell phone use and associations with parental connection and aggression
- Coyne S. M., 2012, Social networking in families
- Jones S., 2003, Let the games begin: Gaming technology and college students
- Katz E., 1974, The uses of mass communication: Current perspectives on gratifications research, 19
- National Endowment for the Arts, 2004, Reading at risk: A survey of literacy reading in America
- Nelson L. J., 2012, Flourishing and floundering: Trajectories of emerging adulthood
- Nelson L. J., 2012, Views of life during emerging adulthood
- Rubin A. M., 2002, Media effects: Advances in theory and research, 525
- Yang C., 2009, Presented at the biannual Society for Research on Child Development Conference
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 312
Sabarky, M. A., Karyanta, N. A., & Anggarani, F. K. (2023) · Jurnal ASPIKOM · doi:10.24329/aspikom.v8i2.1274 · Cited by 5
Social Media in Sports: A Phenomenological Study of Athletes and Online Communication
Bireline, G. M. (2014) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 3
Perceptions of child beauty pageants and their impacts: What really lies behind the tiara?
Kelly, J. M., & Garmon, L. C. (2016) · Atlantic Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/15456870.2016.1208528 · Cited by 3
Busby, D. M., Bluhm, J., & Leonhardt, N. D. (2020) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2020.1745719 · Cited by 5
The Correlation Between Fear of Missing Out and Subjective Well-Being Among Young Adulthood
Prabowo, C. X., & Dewi, F. I. R. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.210805.225 · Cited by 6
Assessing Rural and Urban Teenagers' Domestication of Technology
Uzuegbunam, C. E. (2022) · International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning · doi:10.4018/ijmbl.310941 · Cited by 3
“S.O.S. time!” Paradoxes of digital time experience among emerging adults
Ayadi, N., & Djelassi, S. (2023) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/20515707231155785 · Cited by 3
Uso de TIC en estudiantes universitarios chilenos: enfoque desde la adultez emergente
Labbé, C., López-Neira, L., Sáiz, J. L., Vinet, E. V., & Boero, P. (2019) · Pensamiento Educativo Revista de Investigación Educacional Latinoamericana · doi:10.7764/10.7764/pel.56.2.2019.2 · Cited by 3
Cadely, H. S., & Kisler, T. S. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98233 · Cited by 3
The Influence of Pornography on Romantic Relationships of Emerging Adults
Young-Petersen, B., & Willoughby, B. J. (2019) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7909-0.ch076 · Cited by 3
Stoppa, T. M. (2022) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240.2022.2076659 · Cited by 3
Bražinová, I., & Caletková, L. (2024) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.13179 · Cited by 2
Zhao, W. X., Liu, X., Deng, Y., & Wu, A. M. S. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100848 · Cited by 2
The Role of Basic Psychological Needs and Empathy on Prosocial Behavior in Emerging Adulthood
Gungordu, N., Walker, D. I., & Hernandez-Reif, M. (2025) · European Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12973/eu-jer.14.3.901 · Cited by 3
Kahraman, S. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251358214 · Cited by 5
Chan, R. C. H., & Lam, M. S. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108658 · Cited by 2
An Exploratory Study of Violent Media Consumption and Aggression in Black College Students
Williams, J. M., Phillips, T. M., Stockdale, L., Holmgren, H. G., Wong, D. W., & Peterson, D. J. (2017) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/0021934717717980 · Cited by 2
Internet Usage and Academic Performance of Sri Lankan Undergraduates
Madhavika, N., & Kodithuwakku, K. C. (2019) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v9-i7/6177 · Cited by 2
The impact of media exposure on fashion consciousness: A qualitative study
Khoo, M., Ahadzadeh, A. S., & Amini, M. (2022) · Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.34044/j.kjss.2022.43.2.24 · Cited by 2
Graupensperger, S. A., Calhoun, B. H., Fairlie, A. M., & Lee, C. M. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13654 · Cited by 2
Calm Digital Artwork for Connectedness: A Case Study
Wang, Q., Streithorst, L., He, C., Feijs, L. M. G., & Hu, J. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-8248-6_44 · Cited by 2
Gratifications and readership of women’s magazines in South Africa
Roux, T. (2021) · Global Media and Communication · doi:10.1177/17427665211009935 · Cited by 2
Leonowicz-Bukała, I., Martens, A. M., & Przywara, B. (2021) · Przegląd Badań Edukacyjnych · doi:10.12775/pbe.2021.032 · Cited by 2
Salvador, Á., Fonseca, G., da Costa, L. P., & Mansuklal, S. A. (2023) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000389 · Cited by 2
Effects of TV Crime Shows on Behavioural Development of Children
Abdullah, M., & Rahman, N. A. B. A. (2017) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/20173300077 · Cited by 2
Razzaq, K., & Dar, M. R. (2020) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 2
Positive Developments During the Transition to Adulthood
Noam, G. G., & Triggs, B. B. (2016) · Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0416 · Cited by 2
Difficulties in the Transition to Adulthood
Reed‐Fitzke, K., & Lucier‐Greer, M. (2020) · The Handbook of Systemic Family Therapy · doi:10.1002/9781119788393.ch8 · Cited by 2
Zwischenmenschliche Anziehung und enge Beziehungen
Karremans, J. C., & Finkenauer, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65297-8_11 · Cited by 2
Bourdeaux, R., DiTunnariello, N., & Platt, C. A. (2023) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12886 · Cited by 1
Researching Children and Young People’s Digital Lifeworlds
Uzuegbunam, C. E. (2024) · Global transformations in media and communication/Global transformations in media and communication research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51303-9_1 · Cited by 1
Parental Guidance on Children's Use of Gadgets for Learning Purpose: A Systematic Review
Xinyi, C. (2024) · The Malaysian Journal of Qualitative Research · doi:10.61211/mjqr100108 · Cited by 4
Emezue, C., Froilan, A. P., Dunlap, A., Shipman, A., Feliciano, D., Ortega-Chavez, S., & Dan‐Irabor, D. (2025) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth5020044 · Cited by 1
Erzen, E., & Tasdemir, K. (2025) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968251371753 · Cited by 1
Problematic social media use and mental health among disabled emerging adults
Ellithorpe, M. E., Manganello, J. A., Bleakley, A., & Curtiss, S. L. (2025) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2025.2553017 · Cited by 1
Self-Disclosure in Relationships: Disclosure Dynamics as a Seismograph of Relationship Quality
Finkenauer, C., Akkuş, B., Frijns, T., & Büyükcan-Tetik, A. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009381949.020 · Cited by 1
Klütsch, J., Kreuder, A., Haehn, L., Kuck, I., Böffel, C., Frick, U., & Schlittmeier, S. J. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106746 · Cited by 1
Family dynamics on data tracking and sharing with child-oriented wearables
Oygür, I., Chen, Y., & Epstein, D. A. (2026) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2026.100848 · Cited by 1
Jackson, M. A. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/a19a-0203 · Cited by 1
Baudat, S., & Henchoz, C. (2022) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-022-09854-z · Cited by 1
« S.O.S. temps ! » Les paradoxes de l’expérience digitale du temps chez les adultes émergents
Ayadi, N., & Djelassi, S. (2022) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) · doi:10.1177/07673701221138877 · Cited by 1
BRICs & clicks: insights into the sociomateriality of consuming social networking sites
Lichy, J., Khvatova, T., & de Oliveira, M. J. (2023) · Management international · doi:10.59876/a-g6kv-zvn6 · Cited by 1
Pengaruh Konsep Diri dan Kepercayaan Diri Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk Kecantikan di Sociolla
Azizah, R. L., Annisa, S. K., Atikasari, F., Zikrinawati, K., & Fahmy, Z. (2024) · Jurnal Pemasaran Kompetitif · doi:10.32493/jpkpk.v7i2.30185 · Cited by 1
Young Adulthood Digital Cultures and Practices: An Overview
Antunes, E., & Fonseca, F. (2024) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83753-524-820241002 · Cited by 1
Wong, D. S. W., & Ip, M. W. S. (2025) · Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/26338076241309650 · Cited by 1
Montes, E., & DeAndrea, D. C. (2025) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824096.2025.2455692 · Cited by 1
Parent-Emerging Adult Relationships in the Digital Age
Peer, J. W. (2016) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-1856-3.ch008 · Cited by 1
Frontiere di comunità. Complessità a confronto
Boniforti, D., Albanesi, C., & Zatti, A. (2017) · AMS Acta (University of Bologna) · doi:10.6092/unibo/amsacta/5502 · Cited by 5
Coffee and health in the perspective of young consumers
Rodrigues, R. P., de Almeida, L. F., & Spers, E. E. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814721-4.00017-2 · Cited by 1
Prinsloo, C., & Prinsloo, A. (2019) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222819887248 · Cited by 1
The Influence of Pornography on Romantic Relationships of Emerging Adults
Young-Petersen, B., & Willoughby, B. J. (2019) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1063-6.ch008 · Cited by 1
Hubungan Moral Disengagement dan Kecenderungan Perilaku Ghosting dalam Kencan Online Tinder
Azura, R. T. (2022) · Buletin Riset Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental (BRPKM) · doi:10.20473/brpkm.v2i1.34564 · Cited by 4
Feminist Identities: Career Choices and Experiences of College-Educated Women
Diekmann, K. (2015) · Cornerstone (Minnesota State University, Mankato) · Cited by 1
The Uses And Gratifications Of Facebook.Com: An Exploratory Study Of University Students In Pakistan
Mahmood, Z. (2019) · Universiti Sains Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Sains Malaysia) · Cited by 1
Loneliness, Parasocial Interaction, and the Media: Tracing the Patterns of Understanding
Johnson, K. (2015) · uO Research (University of Ottawa)
New Media Affecting College Students Consumption Behavior
Liu, X. (2016) · International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Management Society (EMIM) · doi:10.2991/emim-16.2016.21
Macdermott, S., & Hussey, P. (2016) · Nursing Children and Young People · doi:10.7748/ncyp.28.4.67.s48
Use of Social Networking Sites by People with Health Issues
Imai, T. (2016) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-1856-3.ch004
Mpiima, D. M., Kendagor, R., & Njau, S. W. N. (2016) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-1856-3.ch007
PERCEPTION OF LIVE LECTURES BY MEDICAL STUDENTS
Narendran, N., S, L. M., & Jose, R. (2017) · Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences · doi:10.14260/jemds/2017/412
Parental Mediation of Adolescent Technology Use
Vaterlaus, J. M. (2017) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch616
Ferrão, A. C., Guiné, R. P. F., Correia, P., Ferreira, M., & Cardoso, A. P. (2018) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.25757/invep.v8i2.157
Enacting Race and Class Online: Gatekeeping and Meaning Making on Reddit’s r/Brooklyn
Sclafani, P. J. (2019) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Benefits and Risks Associated With Use of Social Media by People With Health Issues
Imai, T. (2019) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1063-6.ch011
Manett, J. (2020) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Surviving Higher Education: Retention & Persistence Through The Lens Of Psychological Survivorship
Cartwright, D. R. (2020) · DUNE - DigitalUNE (University of New England)
Computational Journalism Analysis on Young Adults' Body Images and Attitudes Toward Plastic Surgery
Kerdvibulvech, C., & Wanishwattana, P. (2021) · International Journal of e-Collaboration · doi:10.4018/ijec.2021100107
Benefits and Risks Associated With Use of Social Media by People With Health Issues
Imai, T. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-3542-7.ch085
Nicieja, M. (2021) · Półrocznik Językoznawczy Tertium · doi:10.7592/tertium.2021.6.2.192
Difficulties in the Transition to Adulthood
Reed‐Fitzke, K., & Lucier‐Greer, M. (2020) · The Handbook of Systemic Family Therapy · doi:10.1002/9781119438519.ch41
Thomas, A., & Kannan, S. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-996376/v1
Donsbach, W. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118789353.ch13
Parent-Emerging Adult Relationships in the Digital Age
Peer, J. W. (2017) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3822-6.ch068
Koprivnik, L., & Plohl, N. (2022) · Anthropos · doi:10.26493/2630-4082.54.61-88
Krisis Identitas Agama pada Usia Remaja
Putri, E. R. (2023) · Bayani · doi:10.52496/bayaniv.3i.1pp39-51
Does social media trend affect people decision to eat out?
Chanuhacha, C. (2019) · Chula Digiverse · doi:10.58837/chula.is.2019.7
Li, Y., Espinoza, L. E., Hu, C., & Luo, F. (2023) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2023.2263880
Liu, Z., Luan, X., & Wang, J. (2023) · Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media · doi:10.54254/2753-7048/26/20230813
REDDEDİLME DUYARLILIĞI ile SOSYAL MEDYA BAĞIMLILIĞI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİDE ARACI ve DÜZENLEYİCİ ETKİLER
Kaşdarma, E. (2023) · Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi · doi:10.33692/avrasyad.1319512
Mahataman, T. K. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.3126/cognition.v6i1.64457
Portrayal of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Popular Films
Deaney, M. A., Johannemann, K. M., & Jeffres, M. N. (2024) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000002077
Xue, Q., Zhou, S., & Lee, Y. (2024) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-7139-4_20
Ακριτίδου, Α., Μέγαρης, Σ., & Georgaca, E. (2024) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.37721 · Cited by 1
Okeke, D., Ibañez, G. E., Bursac, Z., Sheehan, D. M., Frazier, S. L., Nehme, L., Ibekwe, L. N., Sullivan, S. M., de Dios, M. A., & Cano, M. Á. (2025) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968251322817
Body-Focused Process and Sexting Among LGBTQ+ Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Dodaj, A., Sesar, K., Bošnjak, M., Šilić, N., Marušić, M., Leko, A., Topić, P., Vukoja, A., Šaravanja, M., & Benković, A. (2025) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2025.2541011
Exploring the importance of measuring university students’ online self-disclosure behaviours
Hayes, B. (2025) · Assessment and Development Matters · doi:10.53841/bpsadm.2025.17.2.21
Dar, D. R., Kharlukhi, A. R., & Malla, V. A. (2025) · World Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/wsp.wsp_9_25
Wood, L., Baumler, E. R., Schrag, R. V., Jacobs, A. K., Temple, J. R., & Clark, E. (2025) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580251381991
Sociocultural Impact of Media Representations of Gender and Power Dynamics: Insights from India
Datta, A., & Tewari, R. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1529-212620250000036007
Family Dynamics on Data Tracking and Sharing with Children-Oriented WearablesPreprint
Oygür, I., Chen, Y., & Epstein, D. A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5802724
Bedir, M., Karçkay, A. T., & Koçyiğit, M. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00577-0
Zhang, X. A., & Luoma‐aho, V. (2025) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2025.2595669
Binge-watching jako problemowe oglądanie seriali wśród młodych dorosłych
Rodzeń, W. (2025) · Rozprawy i Studia - Uniwersytet Szczeciński · doi:10.18276/978-83-8419-010-4
Bhatti, O. K., & Irfan, M. (2025) · Journal of Decision System · doi:10.1080/12460125.2025.2591973
Addressing quarter life crisis as a public health priority
Glenda, F., & Rajan, A. V. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-01557-2
Prosocial media effects: a scoping review of content characteristics and underlying mechanisms
Stehr, P. (2026) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1093/anncom/wlag003 · Cited by 1
Williams, C. D., Christophe, N. K., Fant, A. E., Bravo, D. Y., Brown, K., Pham, A., Safdar, M., Fleur, K. S., Hood, K. B., Moreno, O., et al. (2026) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-026-02901-7
Metadata
- Authors
- Coyne, S. M., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Howard, E.
- Affiliations
- Brigham Young University (US)
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
- Corresponding author
- Coyne, Sarah M.
- ORCID
- Coyne, Sarah M.
- Venue
- Emerging Adulthood
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-03-26
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 125-137
- ISSN
- 2167-6968 (ISSN-L)
- 2167-6984
- OpenAlex
- W2008601716
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 52.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- journals.sagepub.com
- Locations
- Emerging Adulthood (publishedVersion)
- ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Keywords
- media use, uses and gratifications theory, media influence, television, video games, social networking sites, mobile devices, internet use, aggression, prosocial behavior, body image, sexual behavior, friendship quality, academic performance, autonomy, identity, intimacy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review