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Cited by 19Impact of Technology on AdolescentsChild Development and Digital TechnologyBullying, Victimization, and Aggression

Internet use and access, behavior, cyberbullying, and grooming: Results of an investigative whole city survey of adolescents

Open access
Vismara, Marco Flavio Michele, Toaff, Joseph, Pulvirenti, Giuliana, Settanni, Chiara, Colao, Emma, Lavano, Serena Marianna, Cemicetti, Riccardo, Cotugno, David +6 more·2017·Interactive Journal of Medical Research
DOI 10.2196/ijmr.6231PMC PMC5596301
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: According to the Digital Agenda for Europe, the way children use the Internet and mobile technologies has changed dramatically in the past years. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to: (1) breakdown the modalities of access and use of the Internet by teenagers to assess risks and risky behaviors; and (2) provide scientific data to evaluate and counsel safe use of the Internet and new technologies by teenagers. METHODS: The study was conducted under the program "Strategies for a Better Internet for Children" started in May 2012 by the European Commission. It represents the main result of the project launched by Telecom Italia, "Anche io ho qualcosa da dire" (I too have something to say), thanks to which many contributions were collected and used to develop a survey. The questionnaire was structured in 45 questions, covering three macro areas of interest. It was approved by the Department Board at University of Magna Graecia's School of Medicine. After authorization from the regional high school authority, it was administered to all 1534 students (aged 13-19 years) in the city of Catanzaro, Italy. RESULTS: The data was broken down into three main groups: (1) describing education and access to the Internet; (2) methods of use and social networking; and (3) perception and evaluation of risk and risky behaviors. Among noteworthy results in the first group, we can mention that the average age of first contact with information technologies was around 9 years. Moreover, 78.87% (1210/1534) of the interviewed students reported having access to a smartphone or a tablet. Among the results of the second group, we found that the most used social networks were Facebook (85.78%, 1316/1534), YouTube (61.14%, 938/1534), and Google+ (51.56%, 791/1534). About 71.31% (1094/1534) of the interviewed teenagers use their name and surname on social networks, and 40.09% (615/1534) of them knew all their Facebook contacts personally. Among the results of the third group, we found that 7.69% (118/1534) of the interviewed teenagers have uploaded pictures or movies of which they felt ashamed; 27.05% (415/1534) have received invitations from people they met on the Internet to meet in real life; and 8.67% (133/1534) have accepted such invitations. CONCLUSIONS: The results offer a breakdown of the teenagers' use of the Internet, focusing on how teenagers learn to use and access it while taking into account factors such as parental coaching, schooling, or self-education. It describes how they approach and interact with social networks and how they perceive risks and risky behaviors on the Internet. Information technology must be seen as an instrument and not as a hindrance. For this to happen, parental guidance, schooling, and medical counseling are needed for a sound development of the child in this critical stage.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This paper reports a whole-city, school-based survey of 1,534 adolescents in Catanzaro, Italy, describing Internet access, social networking, and risk behaviors. It finds near-universal Internet access, early first contact around age 9, widespread social media use, and a minority reporting risky online experiences such as meeting online contacts or posting embarrassing material.

Key findings

  • Access was high: 96.87% (1486/1534) had access to a computer with an Internet connection, and 79.20% (1215/1534) owned a smartphone and/or tablet; average age of first contact with information technologies was about 9 years.
  • Facebook was the most used social network (85.78%, 1316/1534), followed by YouTube (61.14%, 938/1534) and Google+ (51.56%, 791/1534); 71.31% (1094/1534) used their real first and last name on social networks, while 12.45% (191/1534) admitted using fake profiles.
  • Risky experiences were reported by a minority: 27.05% (415/1534) had received invitations to meet people met online, 8.67% (133/1534) had accepted such invitations, 7.69% (118/1534) had uploaded pictures or movies they felt ashamed of, and 9.51% (146/1534) would trade pictures of themselves for mobile credit or other things.
  • Awareness was relatively high: 84.35% (1294/1534) knew online behavior can bring legal consequences, and 77.90% (1195/1534) knew police can gather personal information to investigate illegal behavior.

Methods

  • Design: descriptive whole-city survey conducted under the European Commission program “Strategies for a Better Internet for Children,” developed with Telecom Italia and local educational authorities.
  • Sample: all 1,534 students aged 14-18 years attending public high schools in Catanzaro, Italy, during school year 2013-2014, except one class (22 subjects); 54.6% male, 43.3% female, 2.2% did not state gender.
  • Instrument and analysis: a 45-item close-ended anonymous questionnaire covering three macro areas—learning/network access, conditions of use/social networking, and risk perception/behaviors—with descriptive statistical analysis of responses, divided by gender.

Limitations

  • The paper states that technologies are constantly developing, so the situation described may not retain validity in a few years; use patterns are influenced by technological and cultural conditions, so results cannot have universal validity and may differ even regionally.
  • The paper states that self-report, close-ended questions may be susceptible to memory errors, underestimation of time spent online due to multitasking, and desire to appear more popular or hide socially compromising information; anonymity was used to limit the latter.
  • The paper states the study is descriptive and cannot isolate causal relations, requiring future experimental and longitudinal designs; it also notes that Internet use is often treated as monolithic rather than separated by activity type. Evident from the text: the sample is from a single Italian city and is cross-sectional, limiting generalizability and causal inference.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2196/ijmr.6231

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 48 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    79.20% (1215/1534) of the participants possess a smartphone and/or a tablet for accessing the Internet.

    “Of the participants, 79.20% (1215/1534) possess a smartphone and/or a tablet for accessing the Internet.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The adolescents' self-reported Internet use and behaviors are accurate and truthful.
  • Findingown data

    41.0% (272/664) of interviewed females were self-taught in the use of the Internet.

    “We found that 53.0% (444/837) of the interviewed males and 41.0% (272/664) of the females were self-taught in the use of the Internet.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The adolescents' self-reported Internet use and behaviors are accurate and truthful.
  • Findingown data

    Google+ was used by 51.56% (791/1534) of interviewed teenagers.

    “The most used social networks are Facebook (85.78%, 1316/1534), YouTube (61.14%, 938/1534), and Google+ (51.56%, 791/1534).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The adolescents' self-reported Internet use and behaviors are accurate and truthful.
  • Findingown data

    28.68% (440/1534) of teenagers in Catanzaro use pseudonyms on social networks.

    “Of the teenagers in Catanzaro, 71.31% (1094/1534) use their real first and last name on social networks, the remaining 28.68% (440/1534) use pseudonyms, and 12.45% (191/1534) admit to using fake profiles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The adolescents' self-reported Internet use and behaviors are accurate and truthful.
  • Findingown data

    96.87% (1486/1534) of teenagers in Catanzaro own or have access to a computer with an Internet connection.

    “We found that 96.87% (1486/1534) of teenagers in Catanzaro own or have access to a computer with an Internet connection.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The adolescents' self-reported Internet use and behaviors are accurate and truthful.
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 25
  • May combine two claims. 14

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The questionnaire was approved by the Board Commission of the Department of Medical Sciences of Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro and by the local educational authorities.

    “The questionnaire was then approved by the Board Commission of the Department of Medical Sciences of Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro and by the local educational authorities, which entitled its administration to all the students of public high schools of the regional center of Catanzaro.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The answers were collected anonymously to minimize selective suppression of information by the subjects due to possible feelings of shame or social acceptance.

    “The answers were collected anonymously to minimize selective suppression of information by the subjects due to possible feelings of shame or social acceptance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Youngsters are exposed to a vast array of risks online that can be grouped into three main categories: Internet technology risks, privacy and security risks, and consumer risks.

    “According to several authors [11], youngsters are exposed to a vast array of risks in online that could be grouped in three main categories.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] OECDOECD-ilibrary2011The protection of children online: risks faced by children online and policies to protect them http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/5kgcjf71pl28-en.pdf?expires=1494482073&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=BDF4E400461F96E5B96130FDF50EF5C2

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    Premisecitation

    The pervasive nature of the new digital environment and the speed with which it has settled among adolescents has increased the natural gap existing between teenagers and their tutors.

    “The pervasive nature of this new environment and the astonishing speed with which it has settled among adolescents has increased the natural gap existing between teenagers and their tutors [5].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] MaddenMLenhartADugganMCortesiSGasserUPew Research Center20132016-01-19Teens and technology 2013 http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/03/13/teens-and-technology-2013/ source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Developmental trajectories are often irregular and unpredictable, and they heavily depend on the effect of environmental and sociocultural factors with which the subject interacts and relates to.

    “Developmental trajectories are often irregular and unpredictable, and they heavily depend on the effect of environmental and sociocultural factors with which the subject interacts and relates to [8].”
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    • cites [8] source

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    Premisecitation

    Traditional forms of bullying are limited in time and space, whereas Internet-related ones do not have these constraints.

    “although traditional forms of bullying are limited in time and space, Internet-related ones do not have these constraints”
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    • cites [31] source

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    Premisecitation

    Anonymity may have a positive impact, encouraging self-disclosure leading to greater self-esteem and higher levels of socialization.

    “anonymity may also have a positive impact, encouraging self-disclosure leading to greater self-esteem and higher levels of socialization due to lower level of concern about one’s own physical appearance and judgment of peers [33,34]”
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    Interpretationreasoning

    This specific feature could potentially amplify the magnitude and persistence of the offence.

    “This specific feature could potentially amplify the magnitude and persistence of the offence [31]”
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    Premisecitation

    These elements can have consequences on the emotional, cognitive, and psychosocial development of children and teenagers that are still largely unexplored.

    “These elements can have consequences [9] on the emotional, cognitive, and psychosocial development of children and teenagers that are still largely unexplored.”
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    • cites [9] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Online opportunities can enrich and ease the identity formation process.

    “these opportunities can enrich and ease the identity formation process”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Cyberbullying has great relevance among risks associated with Internet use.

    “Among the risks associated with Internet use, the growing phenomenon of cyberbullying has a great relevance [29-31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [29] source

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    Premisecitation

    Asynchronicity can be particularly beneficial for kids who are shy, emotional, or easily embarrassed in offline interactions.

    “It can be particularly beneficial for kids who are shy, emotional, or easily embarrassed in offline interactions [35]”
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    • cites [35] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    A greater level of Internet access extends not only the number of opportunities, but also the number of risks.

    “A greater level of Internet access obviously extends not only the number of opportunities, but also the number of risks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    We are witnessing a paradigm shift in regards to the evaluation of social consequences of new digital technologies on adolescents.

    “We are witnessing a paradigm shift in regards to the evaluation of social consequences when it comes to new digital technologies and their impact on the lives of adolescents [43]”
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    • cites [43] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    This format could be susceptible to various cognitive biases related to memory errors, underestimation of the real time spent on the Internet due to multitasking, and desire to appear more popular or hide information perceived as socially compromising.

    “this format could be susceptible to various cognitive biases related to memory errors, underestimation of the real time spent on the Internet due to multitasking, and desire to appear more popular or hide information perceived as socially compromising”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The use of the Internet cannot be conceived as a monolithic, unitary phenomenon, and its positive and negative effects should be better investigated by evaluating each time the type of activity in which the subject is involved.

    “the use of the Internet cannot be conceived as a monolithic, unitary phenomenon, and its positive and negative effects should be better investigated by evaluating each time the type of activity in which the subject is involved [22]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    It cannot isolate causal relations between variables, so future experimental designs and longitudinal studies are required.

    “it cannot isolate causal relations between variables, so future experimental designs and longitudinal studies are required for the further development of the field”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These accessory networks could have a positive impact on the psychosocial development of the teen, his or her self-esteem, and sense of social effectiveness.

    “these accessory networks could have a positive impact on the psychosocial development of the teen, his or her self-esteem, and sense of social effectiveness [34]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Dunbar has identified an approximate number of 150 friends or social relationships that the individual human subject is actually able to maintain.

    “Dunbar has come to identify an approximate number of 150 friends or social relationships that the individual human subject is actually able to maintain”
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    Premisecitation

    Although in the 1990s an overall pessimistic conception supported by numerous studies prevailed, the current picture appears to be more optimistic.

    “Although in the 1990s an overall “pessimistic” conception supported by numerous studies [44] prevailed, the current picture appears to be more optimistic [21,2,8,42,9]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [21] source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    This inevitably results in the tendency to draw vague and contradictory conclusions on the whole phenomenon.

    “This inevitably results in the tendency to draw vague and contradictory conclusions on the whole phenomenon [32]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    According to Dunbar, the circle of friends on social media is not qualitatively homogeneous as it tends to include a vast array of simple acquaintances that people do not foster in a stable way.

    “the circle of friends on the social media is not qualitatively homogeneous as it tends to include a vast array of simple acquaintances that people do not foster in a stable (and therefore cognitively demanding) way”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [41] source

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    Premisecitation

    According to the social brain hypothesis, the high degree of encephalization reached by the neocortex of social mammals, especially Homo sapiens, may be a direct consequence of the cognitive demands required for the stable management of complex relationships within social groups.

    “the high degree of encephalization reached by the neocortex of social mammals, especially by Homo sapiens, may be a direct consequence of the cognitive demands required for the stable management of complex relationships that occur within social groups”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [37] source

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    Study design and conductreasoning

    We tried to limit the latter problem by making the questionnaire totally anonymous.

    “We tried to limit the latter problem by making the questionnaire totally anonymous”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The Internet can bypass the biological and cognitive constraints imposed by stable social relationships and offer a new way to better maintain already existing social networks, as well as allowing an extension to weaker, unstable, or indirect connections.

    “The Internet can bypass the biological and cognitive constraints imposed by stable social relationships and offer a new way to better maintain the already existing social networks of the subject, as well as allowing an extension to the layer of weaker, unstable, or indirect connections.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Overall this study gives us an accurate picture of the main features of this new reality in 2014, and the high representativity of the sample allows a good generalizability of data results.

    “overall this study gives us an accurate picture of the main features of this new reality in 2014, and the high representativity of the sample allows a good generalizability of data results”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    New technologies lighten the cognitive and mnemonic load required for the construction and maintenance of social relationships.

    “new technologies lighten the cognitive and mnemonic load normally required for the construction and maintenance of social relationships”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Our survey provides an interesting snapshot of the frequency and methods of Internet usage of a highly representative sample of Italian adolescents.

    “Our survey provides an interesting snapshot of the frequency and methods of Internet usage of a highly representative sample of Italian adolescents”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The principal reason for this change is that online communication in the 1990s was mainly based on blogs and chat rooms, and it used to occur among strangers with fictitious names.

    “The principal reason for this change resides is that online communication in the 1990s was mainly based on blogs and chat rooms, and it used to occur among strangers with fictitious names.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
29 of 29

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The adolescents' self-reported Internet use and behaviors are accurate and truthful.

    “The answers were collected anonymously to minimize selective suppression of information by the subjects due to possible feelings of shame or social acceptance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The single class (22 subjects) excluded from the survey does not differ systematically from the surveyed students in Internet use and risk behaviors.

    “The teaching staff delivered the survey over the academic year 2013-2014 to all secondary school students (aged 14-18 years) in the city of Catanzaro, except a single class (22 subjects).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The extent and characteristics of the phenomena (Internet usage and behaviors of teenagers while using the Internet) have not been scientifically studied yet.

    “The extent and characteristics of the phenomena (the Internet usage and the behaviors of teenagers while using the Internet) have not been scientifically studied yet”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    These kinds of technologies are in constant development.

    “these kinds of technologies are in constant development”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The frequency and pattern of use of these technologies are strongly influenced by conditions of technological and cultural development of the population object of the study.

    “the frequency and pattern of use of these technologies are strongly influenced by conditions of technological and cultural development of the population object of the study”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Self-report surveys with close ended multiple questions could be susceptible to various cognitive biases related to memory errors, underestimation of the real time spent on the Internet due to multitasking, and desire to appear more popular or hide information perceived as socially compromising.

    “this format could be susceptible to various cognitive biases related to memory errors, underestimation of the real time spent on the Internet due to multitasking, and desire to appear more popular or hide information perceived as socially compromising”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Teens who spend more time on the Internet and social networks are more likely to interact with strangers, including some groomers.

    “Some research has found that teens who spend more time on the Internet and social networks are more likely to interact with strangers, including some groomers [20,21].”

    From Grooming Risk Factors in Adolescents with Abuse Histories: Insights from Chilean Reparative Programs (2025) · cites this paper as [20]

    The Results (Third Cluster: Risk Perception and Behaviors; page unavailable) report that some surveyed teens received requests to meet online contacts and that 8.67% accepted invitations to meet strangers. The Discussion (Principal Findings; page unavailable) identifies unwanted solicitations from strangers as a cyber-grooming risk. Neither passage establishes that teens who spend more time online are more likely to have these interactions, or that any contacts in the survey were identified as groomers. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Facebook users outnumber students with any social-network account

    Major

    The table reports 1316 Facebook users but only 1104 students with any social-network account. Facebook users cannot outnumber students with social-network accounts.

  • Reported participant age ranges differ

    Minor

    The abstract describes the surveyed students as aged 13-19, while the results describe them as aged 14-18.

  • Abstract and results give different smartphone-or-tablet counts

    Minor

    The abstract reports 1210 students with access to a smartphone or tablet, whereas the results report 1215 possessing one for Internet access.

  • Students who told others about online activity are described as having told no one

    Minor

    The discussion says 937 students had not told anyone what they had seen or done online, while Table 3 records 937 as answering yes to having told parents, teachers, or friends.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Mann, T, 2005, The Magic Mountain (Everyman's Library Contemporary Classics)
  2. OECDOECD-ilibrary2011The protection of children online: risks faced by children online and policies to protect them http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/5kgcjf71pl28-en.pdf?expires=1494482073&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=BDF4E400461F96E5B96130FDF50EF5C2
  3. 10.1037/0003-066x.63.2.111.search · DOI
  4. 10.1098/rstb.2012.0121 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Prensky, M, 2009, Innovate: Journal of Online Education, 5, article 1
  6. Noe, A, 2010, Perchè non siamo il nostro cervello. Una teoria radicale della coscienza
  7. SmartPEngelbrechtPBrainesDStrubMHendlerJCognitive extension and the webProceedings of Web Science Conference: Society On-Line2009Web Science Conference: Society On-Line2009Athens, Greece
  8. Smart, PR, 2010, Network Science for Military Coalition Operations: Information Extraction and Interaction

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Vismara, M. F. M., Toaff, J., Pulvirenti, G., Settanni, C., Colao, E., Lavano, S. M., Cemicetti, R., Cotugno, D., Perrotti, G., Meschesi, V., Montera, R., Zepponi, B., Rapetto, U., & Marotta, R.
Affiliations
  • Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
  • University of Messina (IT)
  • Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Renato Dulbecco" (IT)
  • Magna Graecia University (IT)
  • Telecom Italia (Italy) (IT)
  • Federico II University Hospital (IT)
  • Università Campus Bio-Medico (IT)
Corresponding author
Vismara, Marco Flavio Michele
ORCID
Venue
Interactive Journal of Medical Research
Publisher
JMIR Publications Inc.
Published
2017-08-29
Volume
6
Issue
2
Pages
e9
ISSN
1929-073X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2196/ijmr.6231
PMC
PMC5596301
OpenAlex
W2752783569
Semantic Scholar
d77bb431b20d3236190d6fc372887aa3f104cb42
Cited by
19
References
46
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
FWCI
5.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Interactive Journal of Medical Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
  • Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Keywords
adolescents, internet use, cyberbullying, online grooming, social networking sites, Facebook, risky online behavior, online privacy, smartphone and tablet use, risk perception, Catanzaro, school-based survey, online self-presentation

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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