The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 151 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals
Open accessAbstract
Attention bias modification (ABM) aims to reduce anxiety by reducing attention bias (AB) to threat; however, effects on anxiety and AB are variable. This review examines 34 studies assessing effects of multisession-ABM on both anxiety and AB in high-anxious individuals. Methods include ABM-threat-avoidance (promoting attention-orienting away from threat), ABM-positive-search (promoting explicit, goal-directed attention-search for positive/nonthreat targets among negative/threat distractors), and comparison conditions (e.g., control-attention training combining threat-cue exposure and attention-task practice without AB-modification). Findings indicate anxiety reduction often occurs during both ABM-threat-avoidance and control-attention training; anxiety reduction is not consistently accompanied by AB reduction; anxious individuals often show no pretraining AB in orienting toward threat; and ABM-positive-search training appears promising in reducing anxiety. Methodological and theoretical issues are discussed concerning ABM paradigms, comparison conditions, and AB assessment. ABM methods combining explicit goal-directed attention-search for nonthreat/positive information and effortful threat-distractor inhibition (promoting top-down cognitive control during threat-cue exposure) warrant further evaluation.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This qualitative review of 34 multisession RCTs in high-anxious individuals finds that ABM-threat-avoidance training has inconsistent anxiolytic effects relative to control-attention training, and anxiety reduction often occurs without reduction in preexisting threat-related attention bias. ABM-positive-search training appears promising for reducing anxiety, but evidence is limited to two included studies.
Key findings
- In about two thirds of studies, ABM-threat-avoidance training was not more effective than comparison conditions in reducing anxiety; 8 studies found it superior to control-attention training, all experimenter-controlled, while 23 studies found no superiority (15 experimenter-controlled, 7 home-based, 1 assessing both settings).
- Anxiety symptoms often reduced during both ABM-threat-avoidance and control-attention training, sometimes with moderate-to-large effects and often without change in AB to threat.
- Most studies using standard visual-probe-task scores did not find pretraining AB in orienting toward threat in anxious individuals; anxiety reduction was not consistently accompanied by AB reduction.
- In two ABM-positive-search studies, anxiety reduction was greater than control or waitlist: 50% of completers versus 8% in control training were free of their principal anxiety disorder in Waters et al. (2013), and 42% versus 8% of waitlist control in Waters et al. (2015).
Methods
- Qualitative review; searched PsycInfo and Medline and checked reference lists for peer-reviewed English-language studies, identifying 34 studies published between 2008 and end of 2016 (33 publications, one describing two studies).
- Inclusion criteria: multisession ABM training aimed at modifying threat-related AB and anxiety; threat and nonthreat stimuli; high-anxious subclinical or clinical participants; RCT design; pre-post assessment of anxiety symptoms and AB. Review articles and studies combining ABM with interpretive bias modification were excluded.
- The review evaluated three predictions: greater anxiety reduction for ABM than comparison conditions, corresponding reduction in AB to threat, and pretraining AB to threat in anxious individuals; it distinguished ABM-threat-avoidance (32 studies) from ABM-positive-search (2 studies) and examined control conditions and AB measures.
Limitations
- The paper states that a limitation is the small number of ABM-positive-search studies that have assessed effects on both AB and anxiety in anxious individuals.
- The paper states that null pretraining AB findings must be interpreted cautiously because sample sizes tend to be modest, ABs are inferred indirectly from RT data, and RT-based AB measures have low reliability; it also notes dissemination bias, including publication bias and outcome-reporting bias.
- The paper states that most studies, but not all, lacked non-attention-training comparison conditions, and that interpretation of AB change is complicated by divergent AB measures and by many studies assessing AB with the same or similar probe-based task used for training, which may reflect task-specific rules rather than generalized change in AB to threat.
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Claims the paper makes
103 Not checked yet · 25 Own interpretation · 22 No basis given · 4 Own result · 1 Own method
In the paper
“In addition, two studies unexpectedly found greater anxiety reduction during CON-attention-training than during ABM-threat-avoidance training in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Badura-Brack et al., 2015).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Badura-Brack et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in most studies, ABM-threat-avoidance training was not more effective than CON-attention training in reducing anxiety between pre- and posttraining.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two other studies, which also used the visual-probe task to both assess and modify AB, reported that anxiety reduction during ABM-threat-avoidance training was accompanied by reduction in within-session AB variability (change between beginning and end of each training session) rather than stable change in standard AB scores between pre- and posttraining”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“anxiety reduction is not consistently accompanied by AB reduction;”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“Second, anxiety reduction may occur during ABM training without AB reduction.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“about a third to a half of children with anxiety disorders were free of their principal anxiety disorder after ABM-positive-search training (50% of those completing ABM versus 8% in control training in Waters et al., 2013, and 42% of those completing ABM versus 8% of waitlist control in Waters et al., 2015).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“In Shechner et al. (2014), children with anxiety disorders showed pretraining AB for disgust faces that reduced to no bias during both ABM and CON training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shechner et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“Enock et al. (2014) assessed AB change on two tasks (visual-probe and spatial-cuing) and reported that AB reduced during ABM and CON training from no bias to avoidance of disgust faces in socially anxious adults only on the visual-probe assessment task.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Enock et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the other three studies, anxiety reduction occurred across all attention-training conditions (ABM, inverse-ABM, CON-attention-training; Boettcher et al., 2013; Heeren, Mogoase, McNally et al., 2015; McNally et al., 2013).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boettcher et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Heeren, Mogoase, McNally et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites McNally et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“In Eldar et al. (2012), there was reduction in AB to threat during ABM-threat-avoidance but not CON-attention training in anxious children preselected for exhibiting AB towards threat”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eldar et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Findings indicate anxiety reduction often occurs during both ABM-threat-avoidance and control-attention training;”
- Also stated in: § Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety · hedged
“Furthermore, in many of these studies, anxiety symptoms reduced irrespective of attention-training condition—that is, during both ABM-threat-avoidance and CON-attention training”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
- Also stated in: § Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety · hedged
- It may state two separate claims as one. 53
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Three studies, which found superior anxiolytic effects of ABM-threat-avoidance training (relative to CON-attention training), assessed AB on spatial-cuing tasks (Amir, Beard, Taylor et al., 2009; Bar-Haim et al., 2011; Liang & Hsu, 2016). Although none of these studies showed pretraining AB to threat”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amir, Beard, Taylor et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Bar-Haim et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Liang & Hsu, 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, we identified 34 studies published between 2008 and the end of 2016 that met the specifications for this review (33 publications, with one describing two studies; indicated in “References”).2 Of these, 32 studies used ABM-threat-avoidance training and two used ABM-positive-search training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, eight studies indicated that standard ABM-threat-avoidance training was superior to CON-attention training in reducing anxiety, all of which administered training under experimenter-controlled conditions”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nonstandard AB scores on the visual-probe task suggested pretraining AB to threat (slower RTs on threat-present than threat-absent trials), which reduced from pre- to posttraining during ABM with fear activation and CON-only training but not during ABM-only training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“AB reduction was found for threat stimuli used during ABM training, which did not generalize to new threat stimuli.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eldar et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“In Amir, Beard, Burns et al. (2009), anxious individuals showed no AB before training and showed threat avoidance after ABM training but not after CON-attention training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amir, Beard, Burns et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This outcome was found in 23 studies: 15 experimenter-controlled (laboratory-, clinic-, or school-based settings), 7 home-based training, and 1 assessing training in both settings”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“By contrast, in Heeren et al. (2012), socially anxious adults showed pretraining AB for angry faces on the visual-probe task, which reduced during ABM-threat-avoidance training (resulting in posttraining AB away from angry relative to happy faces) but did not change during CON or inverse-ABM training”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heeren et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“Khanna et al. (2016) used different attentional tasks to assess and modify AB in PTSD (modified Stroop and visual-probe tasks, respectively) and found pretraining AB for combat-related threat words (indexed by threat-distractor-interference effect on RT) reduced during both ABM and CON training, so this AB was no longer evident posttraining.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Khanna et al., 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“they reported RT changes from pre- to posttraining, which included faster RTs to probes appearing in a different location to threat cues (i.e., faster RTs on invalid-threat trials) following ABM training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amir, Beard, Taylor et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Bar-Haim et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Liang & Hsu, 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“One of these studies showed moderate to large improvements in clinical outcome measures across training conditions; moreover, anxiety reduction was unexpectedly greater for inverse-ABM training (Boettcher et al., 2013).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boettcher et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, both anxiety and AB measures reduced during ABM and CON-attention training in these studies (Enock et al., 2014; Khanna et al., 2016; Shechner et al., 2014).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Enock et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Khanna et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Shechner et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies also commonly reported changes in performance on AB tasks from pre- to posttraining. However, the nature of these changes varied across studies.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“Hence, although anxiety reduction was greater in ABM with fear activation than CON-only training, these conditions had a similar effect on AB scores.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuckertz, Gildebrant et al., 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“In Heeren et al. (2012), there was similar reduction in self-reported anxiety between pre- and posttraining during both ABM-threat-avoidance and CON-attention training but not during inverse-ABM training, with further anxiety reduction between posttraining and 2-week follow-up for ABM-threat-avoidance training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heeren et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“In one study, ABM-threat-avoidance training selectively modified AB to threat but not anxiety (Yao et al., 2015).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yao et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Clerkin et al. (2016) found reductions in AB variability and anxiety symptoms (but not standard AB scores) in socially anxious alcohol-dependent individuals, which occurred during both ABM-threat-avoidance and CON-attention training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clerkin et al., 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Badura-Brack et al.’s studies, there was greater reduction in PTSD symptoms and AB variability (but not standard AB scores) during CON-attention training compared with ABM-threat-avoidance training”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Badura-Brack et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“or no RT difference between invalid-threat and invalid-nonthreat trials (Amir, Beard, Taylor et al., 2009; Bar-Haim et al., 2011; Heeren, Mogoase, McNally et al., 2015; Liang & Hsu, 2016) before training”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 3: Pretraining AB to threat in anxious individuals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amir, Beard, Taylor et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Bar-Haim et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Liang & Hsu, 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in about two thirds of studies, ABM-threat-avoidance training was not more effective in reducing anxiety than comparison conditions, which in most studies was control-attention training”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“other studies reported reduction in within-session AB variability (Kuckertz, Amir et al., 2014; Li et al., 2008) or changes in RT indices on spatial-cuing tasks that may reflect reduction in general threat-related RT slowing and/or faster orienting away from threat”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuckertz, Amir et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Li et al., 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In one study, ABM combined with fear activation was more effective than CON-attention training without fear activation in reducing anxiety (which may have been due to fear activation alone or its combination with ABM) but had a similar effect in reducing nonstandard AB scores (Kuckertz, Gildebrandt et al., 2014).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuckertz, Gildebrandt et al., 2014
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Price et al.’s (2016) meta-analysis of questionnaire data selected from 11 studies, which indicated that 29% of anxious individuals receiving ABM-threat-avoidance training, and 24% of those receiving CON-attention training, showed improvement in anxiety (indexed by a decrease in social anxiety scores of 30% or more at posttraining relative to pretraining)”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Price et al., 2016
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“other evidence also indicates that anxious individuals do not consistently show AB in orienting toward threat and sometimes show threat-avoidance or no bias”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cisler & Koster, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Dudeney et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Van Bockstaele et al., 2014
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the latter three studies, ABM-positive-search training was delivered at home to children with anxiety disorders, and about one-third to a half of them were free of their primary anxiety disorder after ABM training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-positive-search training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“in many studies, anxiety symptoms reduced to a similar degree during both ABM-threat-avoidance and CON-attention training (often without reduction in AB to threat)”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, only two studies have so far assessed effects of multisession ABM-positive-search training on both anxiety and AB in the same sample of anxious individuals, and these showed anxiolytic effects relative to comparison conditions (Waters et al., 2013, 2015).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-positive-search training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2015
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Anxiety symptoms often reduced during both ABM-threat-avoidance and control-attention training (sometimes with moderate-to-large effect sizes, and often without change in AB to threat).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Summary of findings
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Inclusion of additional ABM studies in this review does not alter conclusions from previous reviews that ABM-threat-avoidance training has an inconsistent anxiolytic effect, relative to control-attention training, and that any additional benefit of this ABM method is largely restricted to experimenter-controlled settings”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Summary of findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cristea et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod & Clarke, 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the clinical effectiveness of other ABM methods, such as multisession ABM-positive-search training, remains to be established.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, such comparisons do not control for expectancy effects or provide information about specific features of ABM training that may convey therapeutic benefit”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outcome measures of anxiety vary considerably across studies, which poses a problem for meta-analyses (Cristea et al., 2015)”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Methods Used in Anxiety Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cristea et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“but noted that conclusions were limited by small sample sizes at posttraining (n = 9 and n = 8 in ABM and CON groups, respectively).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hazen et al., 2009
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This control-attention-training (CON-attention-training) condition is designed to control for the effects of multisession practice on the visual-probe task and threat-cue exposure but without modifying AB to threat.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Methods Used in ABM Training > ABM-threat-avoidance training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Top-down attention control processes may also be modified by control training conditions, thereby contributing to evidence of anxiety reductions in both active ABM as well as control conditions”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, the efficacy of ABM-threat-avoidance training depends on its mode of delivery; that is, it tends to be more effective in reducing anxiety relative to control conditions when delivered in laboratory settings but not when delivered at home”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cristea et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod & Clarke, 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although early studies using ABM-threat-avoidance training with clinically anxious individuals were promising (e.g., Amir, Beard, Burns et al., 2009; Amir, Beard, Taylor et al., 2009), replication failures and meta-analyses indicate inconsistent effects on anxiety and question its clinical utility”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beard, Sawyer, & Hofmann, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Cristea, Kok, & Cuijpers, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Emmelkamp, 2012
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of 22 multisession studies, 45% indicated change in both AB and anxiety during ABM training relative to control conditions, whereas the others showed no difference in change in either measure.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod and Clarke, 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These AB measures are typically uncorrelated, consistent with different underlying processes (Cisler, Bacon, & Williams, 2009).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Methods Used in AB Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cisler, Bacon, & Williams, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, meta-analyses commonly treat AB as a unitary construct and do not discriminate between differing ABM training methods and AB indices.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, AB reduction may be a consequence of improved attention control and/or reduced anxiety (rather than being a cause of anxiety reduction).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This task-specific rule applies to both visual-probe and spatial-cuing tasks (i.e., learning this rule would have a similar effect on RTs on threat-incongruent trials on the visual-probe task and invalid-threat trials on the spatial-cuing task), so switching between these tasks for assessment and training would not eliminate this problem.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the combination of attention training and threat exposure may have an anxiolytic effect (which is common to ABM-threat-avoidance and CON-attention-training), whereas trying to modify the direction of AB in orienting away from threat conveyed no additional anxiolytic benefit in many studies.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Null findings have to be interpreted with caution (e.g., sample sizes tend to be modest; ABs are inferred indirectly from RT data; and RT-based AB measures have low reliability, which poses a challenge for ABM research; MacLeod & Clarke, 2015).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod & Clarke, 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, this ABM method seems promising in treating anxiety disorders in home settings, and its anxiolytic effect does not seem to depend on reducing AB in orienting to threat.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-positive-search training
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants may implicitly or explicitly learn a task-specific rule during ABM-threat-avoidance training—that is, probes are more likely to appear in the opposite location to threat cues—which would speed RTs on threat-incongruent or invalid-threat trials and result in apparent AB reduction”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most cognitive models of anxiety propose that both bottom-up (automatic) and top-down (controlled) processes play an important role in anxiety and attention responses to threat”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bar-Haim et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Beck & Clark, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Cisler & Koster, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multisession ABM-positive-search training seems promising in reducing anxiety, including when used in home settings, and its anxiolytic effect does not depend on reducing AB in orienting to threat.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Summary of findings
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Bottom-up functions include automatic stimulus-salience evaluation, alerting, automatic interrupt/inhibition of ongoing goal-directed activity, and automatic attention orienting to threat”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Corbetta & Shulman, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Pessoa & Adolphs, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Petersen & Posner, 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“ABM-threat-avoidance training is supported by a cognitive view of anxiety, which proposes that anxious individuals are characterized by an enhanced automatic AB toward threat, which plays a causal role in anxiety (e.g., Williams, Watts, MacLeod, & Mathews, 1988).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al., 1988
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“top-down functions include goal-directed inhibitory-control (which is a core component underlying a wide range of top-down control functions), cognitive flexibility, maintaining and updating goals in working memory, reason-based appraisal, and controlled attention orienting”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diamond, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Miyake & Friedman, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Petersen & Posner, 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, it predicts that an intervention that reduces preexisting AB toward threat in anxious individuals and instead makes them threat avoidant should reduce anxiety.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The cognitive view assumes that low-anxious individuals are characterized by attentional avoidance of threat.
In the paper
“These top-down functions typically operate in a unified manner to support goal-directed activity (Duncan, 2010).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Duncan, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to this framework, both excessive anxiety and ABs to threat reflect imbalance between these bottom-up and top-down systems.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, AB to threat is not a unitary construct, and its manifestations reflect differing combinations of processes (Fig. 1).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excessive anxiety may arise from a combination of inadequate top-down goal-directed inhibitory control and hyperreactivity to threat cues of the bottom-up threat-salience-evaluation mechanism”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“such findings may be explained by a differing theoretical view, which proposes that dysfunction in multiple processes (including top-down attention control and threat-distractor inhibition) contributes to anxiety and differing manifestations of ABs and may be modified by both active ABM and control-attention training”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, preliminary studies indicate that this method is effective in reducing nonclinical and clinical anxiety in both experimenter-controlled and home-based settings and thus merits further evaluation (Dandeneau et al., 2007; De Voogd et al., 2014; Waters et al., 2013, 2015, 2016).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Concluding Comments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dandeneau et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites De Voogd et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2013, 2015, 2016
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Potential sources of bias include publication bias (“file-drawer” problem) and outcome-reporting bias (“cherry-picking”), which may influence the ratio of significant to null findings in published reports.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Concluding Comments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cristea et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Song, Hooper, & Loke, 2013
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“recent models of anxiety predict that ABM methods that recruit multiple top-down goal-directed cognitive-control processes to oppose threat processing will be more effective in reducing anxiety than methods targeting one specific bias in direction of orienting toward threat”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mogg & Bradley, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Waters & Craske, 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“ABs may have both state- and trait-like characteristics and reflect an individual’s current motivational/goal priorities that are dominant in a particular situation (e.g., to automatically detect unattended threat; to maintain attention on threat to allow more detailed evaluation; to avoid attending to threat cues to minimize subjective discomfort; or to suppress threat-related AB to support task-”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mogg & Bradley, 2016
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Anxiolytic effects of ABM may relate to improvements in attention control and threat-distractor inhibition, which are distinct from modifying the direction of AB in orienting away from threat.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Establishing whether an intervention is effective in treating anxiety requires a systematic approach comparing it with a series of different conditions to examine specific issues (Lohr, Lilienfeld, & Rosen, 2012).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lohr, Lilienfeld, & Rosen, 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“it highlights the role of multiple top-down and bottom-up mechanisms, which are proposed by cognitive models to underlie anxiety and which may contribute to anxiolytic effects of ABM, such as goal-directed attention control and threat-distractor inhibition (Mogg & Bradley, 2016);”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Concluding Comments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mogg & Bradley, 2016
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and these priorities may in turn depend on multiple task-related and individual-difference variables”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mogg & Bradley, 2016
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
“In common with MacLeod and Clarke (2015), we conducted a qualitative review to allow detailed examination of variations in methodology and findings across studies that may be obscured in a quantitative review (Cristea et al., 2015).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
ABM-threat-avoidance training assumes that anxious individuals have a preexisting AB to orient attention toward threat cues relative to nonthreat cues.
“ABM-threat-avoidance training assumes that anxious individuals have a preexisting AB to orient attention toward threat cues relative to nonthreat cues”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The cognitive view assumes that low-anxious individuals are characterized by attentional avoidance of threat.
“This view further assumes that low-anxious individuals are characterized by attentional avoidance of threat.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The anxiety-related AB toward threat is assumed to operate automatically and outside awareness.
“the anxiety-related AB toward threat is assumed to operate automatically and outside awareness”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Many ABM studies have shown that this redirection of attention yields greater reduction of self-reported and clinically rated fear symptoms than attending directly to phobic stimuli (Hakamata, Lissek, Bar-Haim, Britton, et al. 2010; Heeren, Reese, McNally & Philippot, 2012; however, see Mogg, Waters & Bradley (2017) for inconsistent findings when ABM is compared to more rigorous control conditions”
From Advancing the treatment of anxiety disorders in transition‐age youth: a review of the therapeutic effects of unconscious exposure. (2025) · cites this paper as Mogg, Waters & Bradley (2017)
In the citing paper
“In addition, ABM threat-avoidance training studies often use similar tasks to both modify AB and assess AB change (e.g., probe-based spatial attention tasks are used in both ABM threatavoidance training and AB assessment), and it is therefore unclear whether effects of training transfer to other AB measures or related cognitive functions [7,82].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“However, this cooccurrence is not consistently found [7], and conclusions are complicated by methodological issues (e.g., differing outcome measures, confounding variables, low-quality studies, publication bias) [9,79].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“In addition, ABM threat-avoidance training studies often use similar tasks to both modify AB and assess AB change (e.g., probe-based spatial attention tasks are used in both ABM threatavoidance training and AB assessment), and it is therefore unclear whether effects of training transfer to other AB measures or related cognitive functions [7,82].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“AB assessment methods include visual probe, spatial cueing, modified Stroop, flanker, and visual search tasks [6,7,12,19,35,53-55,86,98-100].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
Citations
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MethodThe attention system of the human brain: 20 years after
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 213
Novel mechanism-based treatments for pediatric anxiety and depressive disorders
Sylvester, C. M., Luby, J. L., & Pine, D. S. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01709-x · Cited by 7
“Indeed, while debate persists on the robustness of clinical effects, in both this initial report and in subsequent studies, attention bias modi fi cation (ABM) reduced bias to threat and symptoms in adults with anxiety disorders [28, 36 – 38].”
BackgroundCarlson, J. M., Fang, L., & Andrzejewski, J. A. (2021) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2021.100067 · Cited by 6
“It has been postulated that control training can increase top-down cognitive control (Badura-Brack et al., 2015; Mogg et al., 2017).”
Zainal, N. H., Hellberg, S. N., Kabel, K. E., Hotchkin, C. M., & Baker, A. W. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12902 · Cited by 6
Increased inhibition following negative cues: A possible role for enhanced processing
Okon‐Singer, H., Henik, A., & Gabay, S. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.12.008 · Cited by 6
Overman, M. J., Browning, M. D., & O’Shea, J. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10146-9 · Cited by 6
Personality, Preferences and Socioeconomic Behavior
Ferguson, E., Zhao, K., & Smillie, L. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.044 · Cited by 6
Treatment of Anxiety in Children and Adolescents
Dowell, T. L., Donovan, C. L., Farrell, L. J., & Waters, A. M. (2018) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-018-0136-2 · Cited by 6
Self-citationSagliano, L., Conson, M., Saporito, G., Carolei, A., Sacco, S., & Pistoia, F. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102273 · Cited by 5
Temperament and Brain Networks of Attention
Rothbart, M. K., Posner, M. I., & Sheese, B. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.016 · Cited by 8
Attention bias and alcohol craving: Differential effects via biological sex and mood
Moskal, K. R., Dvorak, R. D., Burr, E. K., Helou, G. M. E., Cora, J. L., Leon, A. N. D., & Leary, A. V. (2022) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14894 · Cited by 6
Castagna, P. J., van Noordt, S. J. R., Sederberg, P. B., & Crowley, M. J. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119871 · Cited by 7
“…al., 2017, Javadipour et al., 2018, Archambault et al., 2021, Bell et al., 2009, Finn and McDonald, 2011, Kłosowska et al., 2015, Beard et al., 2012, Mogg et al., 2017, Fodor et al., 2020, Boettcher et al., 2013, Armstrong and Olatunji, 2012, Habedank et al., 2017), it is important to understand…”
Training Meta-Awareness to Modify Attentional Dyscontrol
Ruimi, L., Hendren, R. A., Amir, I., Zvielli, A., & Bernstein, A. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01291-8 · Cited by 6
Biesanz, J. C., & Wallace, J. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.006 · Cited by 7
Burns, H., Hurst, A., Garay, P., Murray, N. E., Stewart, S. H., Mejia, J. M., Bagnell, A. L., Klein, R. M., & Meier, S. M. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.046 · Cited by 5
de Rutte, J. L., Myruski, S., Davis, E. A., Findley, A. M., & Dennis‐Tiwary, T. A. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103000 · Cited by 6
Personality in Clinical Psychology
Widiger, T. A., & McCabe, G. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.042 · Cited by 5
States and Situations, Traits and Environments
Asendorpf, J. B., & Rauthmann, J. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.007 · Cited by 10
Threat-biased attention in childhood anxiety: A cognitive-affective developmental model
Segal, S. C., & Gobin, K. C. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100315 · Cited by 5
Increased attention to climate change mitigation approaches leads to lower levels of climate anxiety
Carlson, J. M. (2025) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-025-00490-w · Cited by 4
“Given the evidence reviewed above [21, 25] and previous research suggesting that attention training can have beneficial effects on levels of general anxiety [19, 20], it was hypothesized that increased attention to climate change mitigation approaches would lead to lower levels of climate anxiety.”
The Rise and Fall of the Dot-Probe Task: Opportunities for Metascientific Learning
Sharpe, B. T., Halls, M., & Gladwin, T. E. (2022) · Seeds of Science · doi:10.53975/i2gp-smbp · Cited by 4
“While the current article focuses on the assessment form of the dot-probe task, results of directional ABM versus control conditions have arguably been similarly disappointing (Cristea et al., 2015, 2016; Fodor et al., 2020; Mogg et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBanire, B., Orr, M., Burns, H., McGowan, Y., Orji, R., & Meier, S. M. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/56326 · Cited by 3
“Smartphone-delivered ABMT showed similar effects to other mental health apps for anxiety and depression [27,55,56].”
MethodPositive attentional biases moderate the link between attentional bias for threat and anxiety
Wei, M., Roodenrys, S. J., & Miller, L. M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01448-6 · Cited by 4
Attentional Bias Modification Training for Itch: A Proof-of-Principle Study in Healthy Individuals
van Laarhoven, A. I. M., Becker, J. M., Ryckeghem, D. M. L. V., Damme, S. V., Crombez, G., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.627593 · Cited by 4
Personality Traits and Mental Disorders
Hakulinen, C. A., Jokela, M. M., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Elovainio, M. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.018 · Cited by 4
Anxiety, Depression and Cognitive Dysfunction
Eysenck, M. W., & Holmes, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.033 · Cited by 3
Nishiguchi, Y., & Tanno, Y. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01496-y · Cited by 3
Sagliano, L., Nappo, R., Mario Liotti, A., Fiorenza, M., Gargiulo, C., Trojano, L., & Conson, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179104 · Cited by 3
“Experiments on patients with anxiety disorders [52] demonstrated that extensive repetitions of such trials induce an implicitly learned bias away from threatening stimuli [53].”
BackgroundSalgado, J. F., Anderson, N. R., & Moscoso, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.040 · Cited by 4
Dhakal, S., Gupta, S., Sharma, N. P., Upadhyay, A., Oliver, A., Sumich, A. L., Kumari, V., Niraula, S., Pandey, R., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104267 · Cited by 3
Seage, C. H. (2024) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13745 · Cited by 4
Zhang, P., Wang, M., Ding, L., Zhang, J., Yuan, Y., & Tian, X. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1421907 · Cited by 4
Yuan, J., Shi, G., Zhang, Q., & Cui, L. (2024) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14724 · Cited by 3
“That is the assessment task that not only utilizes different stimuli but also does not have the same task demands as the ABM training task (Mogg et al., 2017).”
InfluentialThe Contributions of Attentional Bias and Expectancy Bias to Fluctuations in State Anxiety
Tough, J., Grafton, B., MacLeod, C., & Bockstaele, B. V. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10535-4 · Cited by 3
“…manipulating attentional bias to information relevant to an anticipated stressor, using established attentional bias modification procedures (Mogg et al., 2017), to determine whether such manipulation has a subsequent impact on negative expectancy bias, and in turn elevations in state…”
Yeh, Y. J., Jo, S. S., & Cho, Y. (2025) · Software · doi:10.3390/software4020008 · Cited by 3
Models of Personality Structure
Raad, B. D., & Barelds, D. P. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.012 · Cited by 4
Cognitive Processes and Models
Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.028 · Cited by 5
Wei, M., & Roodenrys, S. J. (2021) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100901 · Cited by 3
Basic Needs, Goals and Motivation
Szalma, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.030 · Cited by 3
Zhang, F., Huang, C., Mao, X., Hou, T., Sun, L., Zhou, Y., & Deng, G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255224 · Cited by 3
“environment in socially anxious individuals [2], and interpretation bias (IB), a bias to interpret negative meanings in ambiguous social situations in social anxiety [3].”
BackgroundPersonality in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Dragūns, J. G., & Tanaka‐Matsumi, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.037 · Cited by 4
Yao, H., Wang, S., Shen, L., Zhao, K., & Fu, X. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104844 · Cited by 3
Narrative Identity in the Social World
McLean, K. C., Syed, M., Haraldsson, K. G., & Lowe, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.035 · Cited by 2
Lynam, D. R., Vize, C. E., & Miller, J. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.043 · Cited by 2
Jayawickreme, E., & Zachry, C. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.032 · Cited by 2
Clauss, K. E., Cheney, T. P., Somohano, V. C., Hannon, S. A., Degutis, J. M., Esterman, M. S., Constans, J. I., & O'Neil, M. E. (2024) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23104 · Cited by 3
Jessup, S. C., Armstrong, T., Rast, C. E., Woronko, S. E., Jackson, M., Anwyl-Irvine, A. L., Dalmaijer, E. S., & Olatunji, B. O. (2025) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2025.2456479 · Cited by 2
“Given other approaches such as attention bias modification have not been consistently successful in reducing anxiety (Mogg et al., 2017), an important area of future research will be to examine ways to reduce excessive attentional avoidance of threat during exposure therapy.”
Familial Aggregation of Cognitive Biases for Children with Anxiety Disorders
de Lijster, J. M., Utens, E. M. W. J., Dieleman, G. C., Alexander, T. M., Hillegers, M. H. J., & Legerstee, J. S. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10031-0 · Cited by 2
Vaclavik, D., Bechor, M., Foster, A. E., Gralnik, L. M., Bar‐Haim, Y., Pine, D. S., Bikson, M., Silverman, W. K., Reeb‐Sutherland, B. C., & Pettit, J. W. (2020) · Clinical Psychology and Special Education · doi:10.17759/cpse.2020090308 · Cited by 2
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.020 · Cited by 4
Teng, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23368 · Cited by 2
Mohsenpourian, K., Nokani, M., Jamilian, H., & Ghasemi, M. (2019) · مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اراک · doi:10.32598/jams.22.4.70 · Cited by 2
Models of Physical Health and Personality
Heilmayr, D., & Friedman, H. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.019 · Cited by 2
Novel Biobehavioral Methods for Assessing the Anxiety-Related Attention Bias
Denefrio, S. (2019) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 2
Siegel, P., & Peterson, B. S. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14037 · Cited by 2
Carey, L. F., Anderson, G. M., & Kumar, S. (2020) · GLOBAL PSYCHIATRY ARCHIVES · doi:10.2478/gp-2020-0009 · Cited by 1
Xiao, W., Zheng, X., Luo, Y., & Peng, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.982909 · Cited by 1
“If so, anxiety reduction may be a consequence of improved attention control, rather than modifying the direction of AB in orienting away from threat (Eysenck and Derakshan, 2011; Mogg et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialHarkin, B., & Yates, A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13164629 · Cited by 3
“As such, it may help identify specific and optimal targets of inhibitory function for each disorder, which can be addressed in treatment, e.g., within attention bias modification interventions [161–163], to enhance outcome effectiveness.”
BackgroundKim, K., & Lee, J.-H. (2024) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101997 · Cited by 1
Nuijs, M. D., Larsen, H., Klein, A. M., Grasman, R. P. P. P., Wiers, R. W. H. J., de Voogd, E. L., & Salemink, E. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10565-y · Cited by 1
“Together with recent reviews on ABM in anxiety (Mogg et al., 2017), these findings highlight the need for including different bias assessment tasks in order to delineate task-specific versus general changes in AB.”
Lam, C. L. M., Hin, A. S., Lau, L. N. S., Zhang, Z., & Leung, C. J. (2025) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102031 · Cited by 2
Role of social competence in emotion processing among emerging adults with anxiety
Banire, B., Burns, H., Sutherland, D., McGowan, Y., Stewart, S. H., Klein, R. M., & Meier, S. M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-20351-9 · Cited by 2
Zhang, J., Yan, Y., & Liu, P. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.104999 · Cited by 1
Sallis, H., Smith, G. D., & Munafo, M. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.024 · Cited by 1
Self-Regulation and Control in Personality Functioning
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.029 · Cited by 1
Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia
Zinbarg, R. E., Williams, A. L., Kramer, A. M., & Schmidt, M. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197542521.003.0007 · Cited by 3
Zhou, X., Du, L., Sun, H., Li, H., Liu, X., Ma, M., & Xie, J. (2023) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202317103036 · Cited by 1
“One of them is attention-bias modification (ABM), which involves training individuals to direct their attention away from threat-related stimuli and toward neutral or positive stimuli using computerized tasks[9].”
BackgroundLong-term memory for distractors: Effects of involuntary attention from working memory
Moriya, J. (2023) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-023-01469-5 · Cited by 1
“Training to inhibit distractors has been developed to reduce anxiety (Mogg et al., 2017).”
Jessup, S. C., Armstrong, T., Hord, C. M., Dalmaijer, E. S., & Olatunji, B. O. (2024) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101986 · Cited by 1
Bø, R., Kraft, B., Jonassen, R., Joormann, J., Harmer, C. J., & Landrø, N. I. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104091 · Cited by 1
“Hence, future trials for demonstrating clinical efficacy may need to adopt new control conditions (Blackwell et al., 2017; Mogg et al., 2017).”
Differences in Attentional Bias Toward e-Cigarette Cues Between e-Cigarette Users and Nonusers
Gwon, S. H., Cho, Y., Kim, Y., Paek, S., & Lee, H. (2024) · Journal of Addictions Nursing · doi:10.1097/jan.0000000000000590 · Cited by 1
Sikki, M., Konikkou, K., Konstantinou, N., & Fanti, K. A. (2025) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-025-07040-9 · Cited by 1
“Our approach agrees with the suggestion that multi - session AMT-positive-search training might be a promising intervention for reducing anxiety symptoms (Mogg et al. 2017 ; Dandeneau et al. 2007 ; De Voogd et al. 2014; Waters et al. 2016 ).”
Emotional Development in the Context of Developmental Disorders
Burris, J. L., Chernenok, M., Bussey, T. R., & Rivera, S. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17332-6_27 · Cited by 1
Personality in Nonhuman Animals
Bell, A. M., & Bensky, M. K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.023 · Cited by 1
Weiß, A., & Deary, I. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.005 · Cited by 2
Personality and the Unconscious
Perugini, M., Richetin, J., & Costantini, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.008 · Cited by 2
Kim, S.-A., & Hong, C.-H. (2020) · Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society · doi:10.5762/kais.2020.21.11.641 · Cited by 1
“그에 반해 ABM 훈련은 비교적 최근에 개발된 컴퓨터 를 기반으로 한 불안 증상에 대한 개입 방법으로 약물치 료와 CBT에 비해 안전하고 더욱 효과적인 치료방법으로 주목받고 있다[4, 5].”
Do Carryover Effects Influence Attentional Bias to Threat in the Dot-Probe Task?
Maxwell, J. W., Fang, L., & Carlson, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Trial and Error · doi:10.36850/e9 · Cited by 1
Corr, P. J., & Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.001 · Cited by 1
Addendum: Statistical Analyses and Computer Programming in Personality
Corr, P. J., & Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.045 · Cited by 1
The Efficacy of Attentional Bias Modification for Anxiety: A Registered ReplicationPreprint
Pond, N., Meeten, F., Clarke, P., Notebaert, L., & Scott, R. B. Y. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cf4xz · Cited by 1
Hedley, F. E., Lage, C., Hertz‐Palmor, N., Sandhu, T., Schweizer, S., & Lawson, R. P. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672142 · Cited by 1
Brain Games to Reduce Anxiety in High-Risk Children
Sylvester, C. M. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.12.001
“In addition, it is important to understand brain changes taking place in placebo ABM as well as active ABM, because placebo training can be associated with symptom improvements as well.(8) In summary, this study makes an important contribution to the field—ABM reduces symptoms of anxiety in children with high behavior…”
BackgroundBechor, M. (2018) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc006912
Biased Cognitive Processing of Emotional Information in Child Anxiety and Depression
Lisk, S. C., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119171492.wecad181
Evidence-Based, Non-pharmacological Interventions for Pediatric Anxiety Disorders
Stoll, R. D., Mendes, S. H., Piña, A., & Silverman, W. K. (2020) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44226-2_5
Personality Assessment Methods
Boyle, G. J., & Helmes, E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.011 · Cited by 1
Schermer, J. A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.014
Social Relations and Social Support
Austin, E. Q., Knack, J. M., Jensen‐Campbell, L. A., & Rex‐Lear, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.036
A Review of Attention Bias and Eating Disorder
OUYANG, L., & Wu, Y. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.211020.266
“The dot-probe paradigm is the most used ABM intervention [15].”
BackgroundMethodMaltreatment and Emotional DevelopmentPreprint
Harms, M. B., Leitzke, B. T., & Pollak, S. D. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/kznwq · Cited by 1
Corr, P. J., & Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.002
A role for attentional bias in cognitive deficits in chronic pain?
Godfrey, H. K. (2017) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17065163.v1
Corr, P. J., & Matthews, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.046
Elvin, O. M., Modecki, K. L., & Waters, A. M. (2022) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2022.16
Self-citationCan attention bias modification reduce exam anxiety in GCSE students? A pilot study
Symes, W. (2022) · Assessment and Development Matters · doi:10.53841/bpsadm.2022.14.4.20
Maruta, M., Shimokihara, S., Akasaki, Y., Hidaka, Y., Ikeda, Y., Han, G., Tanaka, G., Higashi, T., Moriuchi, T., & Tabira, T. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11040617
“Meanwhile, in a review of ABMs for anxiety, the possibility of deriving emotional benefits independent of pre- and post-training attentional bias status was noted [30].”
BackgroundGamified web-delivered attentional bias modification training for the management of chronic pain
Vermeir, J. F. (2023) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.242456
Attentional bias to threat is modulated by stimulus content: an fNIRS study
Liu, H., Zhang, Q., Elhai, J. D., Montag, C., & Yang, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1308457
Examining attentional retraining of threat as an intervention in pathological worry
Meyer, T. (2024) · Peer Community In Registered Reports · doi:10.24072/pci.rr.100560
Metadata
- Authors
- Mogg, K., Waters, A. M., & Bradley, B. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Griffith University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Mogg, Karin
- Venue
- Clinical Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-04-26
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 698-717
- ISSN
- 2167-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 2167-7034
- PMC
- PMC5513441
- OpenAlex
- W2607627610
- Semantic Scholar
- 33dc86184688b3d716fef304156afd0a429a078d
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 5.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Psychological Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- attentional bias modification, attention bias to threat, anxiety reduction, threat avoidance, top-down cognitive control, attentional orienting
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