The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 151 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals
Open accessAbstract
Attention bias modification (ABM) aims to reduce anxiety by reducing attention bias (AB) to threat; however, effects on anxiety and AB are variable. This review examines 34 studies assessing effects of multisession-ABM on both anxiety and AB in high-anxious individuals. Methods include ABM-threat-avoidance (promoting attention-orienting away from threat), ABM-positive-search (promoting explicit, goal-directed attention-search for positive/nonthreat targets among negative/threat distractors), and comparison conditions (e.g., control-attention training combining threat-cue exposure and attention-task practice without AB-modification). Findings indicate anxiety reduction often occurs during both ABM-threat-avoidance and control-attention training; anxiety reduction is not consistently accompanied by AB reduction; anxious individuals often show no pretraining AB in orienting toward threat; and ABM-positive-search training appears promising in reducing anxiety. Methodological and theoretical issues are discussed concerning ABM paradigms, comparison conditions, and AB assessment. ABM methods combining explicit goal-directed attention-search for nonthreat/positive information and effortful threat-distractor inhibition (promoting top-down cognitive control during threat-cue exposure) warrant further evaluation.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This qualitative review of 34 multisession RCTs in high-anxious individuals finds that ABM-threat-avoidance training has inconsistent anxiolytic effects relative to control-attention training, and anxiety reduction often occurs without reduction in preexisting threat-related attention bias. ABM-positive-search training appears promising for reducing anxiety, but evidence is limited to two included studies.
Key findings
- In about two thirds of studies, ABM-threat-avoidance training was not more effective than comparison conditions in reducing anxiety; 8 studies found it superior to control-attention training, all experimenter-controlled, while 23 studies found no superiority (15 experimenter-controlled, 7 home-based, 1 assessing both settings).
- Anxiety symptoms often reduced during both ABM-threat-avoidance and control-attention training, sometimes with moderate-to-large effects and often without change in AB to threat.
- Most studies using standard visual-probe-task scores did not find pretraining AB in orienting toward threat in anxious individuals; anxiety reduction was not consistently accompanied by AB reduction.
- In two ABM-positive-search studies, anxiety reduction was greater than control or waitlist: 50% of completers versus 8% in control training were free of their principal anxiety disorder in Waters et al. (2013), and 42% versus 8% of waitlist control in Waters et al. (2015).
Methods
- Qualitative review; searched PsycInfo and Medline and checked reference lists for peer-reviewed English-language studies, identifying 34 studies published between 2008 and end of 2016 (33 publications, one describing two studies).
- Inclusion criteria: multisession ABM training aimed at modifying threat-related AB and anxiety; threat and nonthreat stimuli; high-anxious subclinical or clinical participants; RCT design; pre-post assessment of anxiety symptoms and AB. Review articles and studies combining ABM with interpretive bias modification were excluded.
- The review evaluated three predictions: greater anxiety reduction for ABM than comparison conditions, corresponding reduction in AB to threat, and pretraining AB to threat in anxious individuals; it distinguished ABM-threat-avoidance (32 studies) from ABM-positive-search (2 studies) and examined control conditions and AB measures.
Limitations
- The paper states that a limitation is the small number of ABM-positive-search studies that have assessed effects on both AB and anxiety in anxious individuals.
- The paper states that null pretraining AB findings must be interpreted cautiously because sample sizes tend to be modest, ABs are inferred indirectly from RT data, and RT-based AB measures have low reliability; it also notes dissemination bias, including publication bias and outcome-reporting bias.
- The paper states that most studies, but not all, lacked non-attention-training comparison conditions, and that interpretation of AB change is complicated by divergent AB measures and by many studies assessing AB with the same or similar probe-based task used for training, which may reflect task-specific rules rather than generalized change in AB to threat.
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Claims the paper makes
103 Not checked yet · 25 Own interpretation · 22 No basis given · 4 Own result · 1 Own method
In the paper
“In addition, two studies unexpectedly found greater anxiety reduction during CON-attention-training than during ABM-threat-avoidance training in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Badura-Brack et al., 2015).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Badura-Brack et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in most studies, ABM-threat-avoidance training was not more effective than CON-attention training in reducing anxiety between pre- and posttraining.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two other studies, which also used the visual-probe task to both assess and modify AB, reported that anxiety reduction during ABM-threat-avoidance training was accompanied by reduction in within-session AB variability (change between beginning and end of each training session) rather than stable change in standard AB scores between pre- and posttraining”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“anxiety reduction is not consistently accompanied by AB reduction;”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“Second, anxiety reduction may occur during ABM training without AB reduction.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“about a third to a half of children with anxiety disorders were free of their principal anxiety disorder after ABM-positive-search training (50% of those completing ABM versus 8% in control training in Waters et al., 2013, and 42% of those completing ABM versus 8% of waitlist control in Waters et al., 2015).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“In Shechner et al. (2014), children with anxiety disorders showed pretraining AB for disgust faces that reduced to no bias during both ABM and CON training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shechner et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“Enock et al. (2014) assessed AB change on two tasks (visual-probe and spatial-cuing) and reported that AB reduced during ABM and CON training from no bias to avoidance of disgust faces in socially anxious adults only on the visual-probe assessment task.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Enock et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the other three studies, anxiety reduction occurred across all attention-training conditions (ABM, inverse-ABM, CON-attention-training; Boettcher et al., 2013; Heeren, Mogoase, McNally et al., 2015; McNally et al., 2013).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boettcher et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Heeren, Mogoase, McNally et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites McNally et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“In Eldar et al. (2012), there was reduction in AB to threat during ABM-threat-avoidance but not CON-attention training in anxious children preselected for exhibiting AB towards threat”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eldar et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Findings indicate anxiety reduction often occurs during both ABM-threat-avoidance and control-attention training;”
- Also stated in: § Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety · hedged
“Furthermore, in many of these studies, anxiety symptoms reduced irrespective of attention-training condition—that is, during both ABM-threat-avoidance and CON-attention training”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
- Also stated in: § Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety · hedged
- It may state two separate claims as one. 53
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Three studies, which found superior anxiolytic effects of ABM-threat-avoidance training (relative to CON-attention training), assessed AB on spatial-cuing tasks (Amir, Beard, Taylor et al., 2009; Bar-Haim et al., 2011; Liang & Hsu, 2016). Although none of these studies showed pretraining AB to threat”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amir, Beard, Taylor et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Bar-Haim et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Liang & Hsu, 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, we identified 34 studies published between 2008 and the end of 2016 that met the specifications for this review (33 publications, with one describing two studies; indicated in “References”).2 Of these, 32 studies used ABM-threat-avoidance training and two used ABM-positive-search training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, eight studies indicated that standard ABM-threat-avoidance training was superior to CON-attention training in reducing anxiety, all of which administered training under experimenter-controlled conditions”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nonstandard AB scores on the visual-probe task suggested pretraining AB to threat (slower RTs on threat-present than threat-absent trials), which reduced from pre- to posttraining during ABM with fear activation and CON-only training but not during ABM-only training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“AB reduction was found for threat stimuli used during ABM training, which did not generalize to new threat stimuli.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eldar et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“In Amir, Beard, Burns et al. (2009), anxious individuals showed no AB before training and showed threat avoidance after ABM training but not after CON-attention training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amir, Beard, Burns et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This outcome was found in 23 studies: 15 experimenter-controlled (laboratory-, clinic-, or school-based settings), 7 home-based training, and 1 assessing training in both settings”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“By contrast, in Heeren et al. (2012), socially anxious adults showed pretraining AB for angry faces on the visual-probe task, which reduced during ABM-threat-avoidance training (resulting in posttraining AB away from angry relative to happy faces) but did not change during CON or inverse-ABM training”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heeren et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“Khanna et al. (2016) used different attentional tasks to assess and modify AB in PTSD (modified Stroop and visual-probe tasks, respectively) and found pretraining AB for combat-related threat words (indexed by threat-distractor-interference effect on RT) reduced during both ABM and CON training, so this AB was no longer evident posttraining.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Khanna et al., 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“they reported RT changes from pre- to posttraining, which included faster RTs to probes appearing in a different location to threat cues (i.e., faster RTs on invalid-threat trials) following ABM training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amir, Beard, Taylor et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Bar-Haim et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Liang & Hsu, 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“One of these studies showed moderate to large improvements in clinical outcome measures across training conditions; moreover, anxiety reduction was unexpectedly greater for inverse-ABM training (Boettcher et al., 2013).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boettcher et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, both anxiety and AB measures reduced during ABM and CON-attention training in these studies (Enock et al., 2014; Khanna et al., 2016; Shechner et al., 2014).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Enock et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Khanna et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Shechner et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies also commonly reported changes in performance on AB tasks from pre- to posttraining. However, the nature of these changes varied across studies.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“Hence, although anxiety reduction was greater in ABM with fear activation than CON-only training, these conditions had a similar effect on AB scores.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuckertz, Gildebrant et al., 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“In Heeren et al. (2012), there was similar reduction in self-reported anxiety between pre- and posttraining during both ABM-threat-avoidance and CON-attention training but not during inverse-ABM training, with further anxiety reduction between posttraining and 2-week follow-up for ABM-threat-avoidance training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 1: Effect of ABM on anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heeren et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
In the paper
“In one study, ABM-threat-avoidance training selectively modified AB to threat but not anxiety (Yao et al., 2015).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yao et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Clerkin et al. (2016) found reductions in AB variability and anxiety symptoms (but not standard AB scores) in socially anxious alcohol-dependent individuals, which occurred during both ABM-threat-avoidance and CON-attention training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clerkin et al., 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Badura-Brack et al.’s studies, there was greater reduction in PTSD symptoms and AB variability (but not standard AB scores) during CON-attention training compared with ABM-threat-avoidance training”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Badura-Brack et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“or no RT difference between invalid-threat and invalid-nonthreat trials (Amir, Beard, Taylor et al., 2009; Bar-Haim et al., 2011; Heeren, Mogoase, McNally et al., 2015; Liang & Hsu, 2016) before training”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 3: Pretraining AB to threat in anxious individuals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Amir, Beard, Taylor et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Bar-Haim et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Liang & Hsu, 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in about two thirds of studies, ABM-threat-avoidance training was not more effective in reducing anxiety than comparison conditions, which in most studies was control-attention training”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“other studies reported reduction in within-session AB variability (Kuckertz, Amir et al., 2014; Li et al., 2008) or changes in RT indices on spatial-cuing tasks that may reflect reduction in general threat-related RT slowing and/or faster orienting away from threat”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuckertz, Amir et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Li et al., 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In one study, ABM combined with fear activation was more effective than CON-attention training without fear activation in reducing anxiety (which may have been due to fear activation alone or its combination with ABM) but had a similar effect in reducing nonstandard AB scores (Kuckertz, Gildebrandt et al., 2014).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuckertz, Gildebrandt et al., 2014
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Price et al.’s (2016) meta-analysis of questionnaire data selected from 11 studies, which indicated that 29% of anxious individuals receiving ABM-threat-avoidance training, and 24% of those receiving CON-attention training, showed improvement in anxiety (indexed by a decrease in social anxiety scores of 30% or more at posttraining relative to pretraining)”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Price et al., 2016
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“other evidence also indicates that anxious individuals do not consistently show AB in orienting toward threat and sometimes show threat-avoidance or no bias”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cisler & Koster, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Dudeney et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Van Bockstaele et al., 2014
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the latter three studies, ABM-positive-search training was delivered at home to children with anxiety disorders, and about one-third to a half of them were free of their primary anxiety disorder after ABM training.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-positive-search training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“in many studies, anxiety symptoms reduced to a similar degree during both ABM-threat-avoidance and CON-attention training (often without reduction in AB to threat)”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, only two studies have so far assessed effects of multisession ABM-positive-search training on both anxiety and AB in the same sample of anxious individuals, and these showed anxiolytic effects relative to comparison conditions (Waters et al., 2013, 2015).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-positive-search training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2015
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Anxiety symptoms often reduced during both ABM-threat-avoidance and control-attention training (sometimes with moderate-to-large effect sizes, and often without change in AB to threat).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Summary of findings
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Inclusion of additional ABM studies in this review does not alter conclusions from previous reviews that ABM-threat-avoidance training has an inconsistent anxiolytic effect, relative to control-attention training, and that any additional benefit of this ABM method is largely restricted to experimenter-controlled settings”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Summary of findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cristea et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod & Clarke, 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the clinical effectiveness of other ABM methods, such as multisession ABM-positive-search training, remains to be established.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, such comparisons do not control for expectancy effects or provide information about specific features of ABM training that may convey therapeutic benefit”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outcome measures of anxiety vary considerably across studies, which poses a problem for meta-analyses (Cristea et al., 2015)”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Methods Used in Anxiety Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cristea et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“but noted that conclusions were limited by small sample sizes at posttraining (n = 9 and n = 8 in ABM and CON groups, respectively).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Findings From ABM Studies Relating to Predictions > Prediction 2: Effect of ABM on AB to threat
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hazen et al., 2009
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This control-attention-training (CON-attention-training) condition is designed to control for the effects of multisession practice on the visual-probe task and threat-cue exposure but without modifying AB to threat.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Methods Used in ABM Training > ABM-threat-avoidance training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Top-down attention control processes may also be modified by control training conditions, thereby contributing to evidence of anxiety reductions in both active ABM as well as control conditions”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, the efficacy of ABM-threat-avoidance training depends on its mode of delivery; that is, it tends to be more effective in reducing anxiety relative to control conditions when delivered in laboratory settings but not when delivered at home”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cristea et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod & Clarke, 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although early studies using ABM-threat-avoidance training with clinically anxious individuals were promising (e.g., Amir, Beard, Burns et al., 2009; Amir, Beard, Taylor et al., 2009), replication failures and meta-analyses indicate inconsistent effects on anxiety and question its clinical utility”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beard, Sawyer, & Hofmann, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Cristea, Kok, & Cuijpers, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Emmelkamp, 2012
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of 22 multisession studies, 45% indicated change in both AB and anxiety during ABM training relative to control conditions, whereas the others showed no difference in change in either measure.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod and Clarke, 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These AB measures are typically uncorrelated, consistent with different underlying processes (Cisler, Bacon, & Williams, 2009).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Methods Used in AB Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cisler, Bacon, & Williams, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, meta-analyses commonly treat AB as a unitary construct and do not discriminate between differing ABM training methods and AB indices.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, AB reduction may be a consequence of improved attention control and/or reduced anxiety (rather than being a cause of anxiety reduction).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This task-specific rule applies to both visual-probe and spatial-cuing tasks (i.e., learning this rule would have a similar effect on RTs on threat-incongruent trials on the visual-probe task and invalid-threat trials on the spatial-cuing task), so switching between these tasks for assessment and training would not eliminate this problem.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the combination of attention training and threat exposure may have an anxiolytic effect (which is common to ABM-threat-avoidance and CON-attention-training), whereas trying to modify the direction of AB in orienting away from threat conveyed no additional anxiolytic benefit in many studies.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Null findings have to be interpreted with caution (e.g., sample sizes tend to be modest; ABs are inferred indirectly from RT data; and RT-based AB measures have low reliability, which poses a challenge for ABM research; MacLeod & Clarke, 2015).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod & Clarke, 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, this ABM method seems promising in treating anxiety disorders in home settings, and its anxiolytic effect does not seem to depend on reducing AB in orienting to threat.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-positive-search training
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants may implicitly or explicitly learn a task-specific rule during ABM-threat-avoidance training—that is, probes are more likely to appear in the opposite location to threat cues—which would speed RTs on threat-incongruent or invalid-threat trials and result in apparent AB reduction”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > ABM-threat-avoidance training
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most cognitive models of anxiety propose that both bottom-up (automatic) and top-down (controlled) processes play an important role in anxiety and attention responses to threat”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bar-Haim et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Beck & Clark, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Cisler & Koster, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multisession ABM-positive-search training seems promising in reducing anxiety, including when used in home settings, and its anxiolytic effect does not depend on reducing AB in orienting to threat.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Summary of findings
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Bottom-up functions include automatic stimulus-salience evaluation, alerting, automatic interrupt/inhibition of ongoing goal-directed activity, and automatic attention orienting to threat”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Corbetta & Shulman, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Pessoa & Adolphs, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Petersen & Posner, 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“ABM-threat-avoidance training is supported by a cognitive view of anxiety, which proposes that anxious individuals are characterized by an enhanced automatic AB toward threat, which plays a causal role in anxiety (e.g., Williams, Watts, MacLeod, & Mathews, 1988).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al., 1988
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“top-down functions include goal-directed inhibitory-control (which is a core component underlying a wide range of top-down control functions), cognitive flexibility, maintaining and updating goals in working memory, reason-based appraisal, and controlled attention orienting”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diamond, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Miyake & Friedman, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Petersen & Posner, 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, it predicts that an intervention that reduces preexisting AB toward threat in anxious individuals and instead makes them threat avoidant should reduce anxiety.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The cognitive view assumes that low-anxious individuals are characterized by attentional avoidance of threat.
In the paper
“These top-down functions typically operate in a unified manner to support goal-directed activity (Duncan, 2010).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Duncan, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to this framework, both excessive anxiety and ABs to threat reflect imbalance between these bottom-up and top-down systems.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, AB to threat is not a unitary construct, and its manifestations reflect differing combinations of processes (Fig. 1).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excessive anxiety may arise from a combination of inadequate top-down goal-directed inhibitory control and hyperreactivity to threat cues of the bottom-up threat-salience-evaluation mechanism”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Theoretical considerations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“such findings may be explained by a differing theoretical view, which proposes that dysfunction in multiple processes (including top-down attention control and threat-distractor inhibition) contributes to anxiety and differing manifestations of ABs and may be modified by both active ABM and control-attention training”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, preliminary studies indicate that this method is effective in reducing nonclinical and clinical anxiety in both experimenter-controlled and home-based settings and thus merits further evaluation (Dandeneau et al., 2007; De Voogd et al., 2014; Waters et al., 2013, 2015, 2016).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Concluding Comments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dandeneau et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites De Voogd et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Waters et al., 2013, 2015, 2016
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Potential sources of bias include publication bias (“file-drawer” problem) and outcome-reporting bias (“cherry-picking”), which may influence the ratio of significant to null findings in published reports.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Concluding Comments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cristea et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Song, Hooper, & Loke, 2013
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“recent models of anxiety predict that ABM methods that recruit multiple top-down goal-directed cognitive-control processes to oppose threat processing will be more effective in reducing anxiety than methods targeting one specific bias in direction of orienting toward threat”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mogg & Bradley, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Waters & Craske, 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“ABs may have both state- and trait-like characteristics and reflect an individual’s current motivational/goal priorities that are dominant in a particular situation (e.g., to automatically detect unattended threat; to maintain attention on threat to allow more detailed evaluation; to avoid attending to threat cues to minimize subjective discomfort; or to suppress threat-related AB to support task-”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mogg & Bradley, 2016
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Anxiolytic effects of ABM may relate to improvements in attention control and threat-distractor inhibition, which are distinct from modifying the direction of AB in orienting away from threat.”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Establishing whether an intervention is effective in treating anxiety requires a systematic approach comparing it with a series of different conditions to examine specific issues (Lohr, Lilienfeld, & Rosen, 2012).”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lohr, Lilienfeld, & Rosen, 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“it highlights the role of multiple top-down and bottom-up mechanisms, which are proposed by cognitive models to underlie anxiety and which may contribute to anxiolytic effects of ABM, such as goal-directed attention control and threat-distractor inhibition (Mogg & Bradley, 2016);”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Concluding Comments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mogg & Bradley, 2016
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and these priorities may in turn depend on multiple task-related and individual-difference variables”
§ Attention Bias Modification (ABM): Review of Effects of Multisession ABM Training on Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention in High-Anxious Individuals > Discussion: ABM Methods, Outcomes, and Theoretical and Research Implications > Implications for ABM research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mogg & Bradley, 2016
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The included studies' measures of anxiety and attention bias are sufficiently valid and comparable to permit a qualitative synthesis of their findings.
“In common with MacLeod and Clarke (2015), we conducted a qualitative review to allow detailed examination of variations in methodology and findings across studies that may be obscured in a quantitative review (Cristea et al., 2015).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
ABM-threat-avoidance training assumes that anxious individuals have a preexisting AB to orient attention toward threat cues relative to nonthreat cues.
“ABM-threat-avoidance training assumes that anxious individuals have a preexisting AB to orient attention toward threat cues relative to nonthreat cues”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The cognitive view assumes that low-anxious individuals are characterized by attentional avoidance of threat.
“This view further assumes that low-anxious individuals are characterized by attentional avoidance of threat.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The anxiety-related AB toward threat is assumed to operate automatically and outside awareness.
“the anxiety-related AB toward threat is assumed to operate automatically and outside awareness”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Many ABM studies have shown that this redirection of attention yields greater reduction of self-reported and clinically rated fear symptoms than attending directly to phobic stimuli (Hakamata, Lissek, Bar-Haim, Britton, et al. 2010; Heeren, Reese, McNally & Philippot, 2012; however, see Mogg, Waters & Bradley (2017) for inconsistent findings when ABM is compared to more rigorous control conditions”
From Advancing the treatment of anxiety disorders in transition‐age youth: a review of the therapeutic effects of unconscious exposure. (2025) · cites this paper as Mogg, Waters & Bradley (2017)
In the citing paper
“In addition, ABM threat-avoidance training studies often use similar tasks to both modify AB and assess AB change (e.g., probe-based spatial attention tasks are used in both ABM threatavoidance training and AB assessment), and it is therefore unclear whether effects of training transfer to other AB measures or related cognitive functions [7,82].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“However, this cooccurrence is not consistently found [7], and conclusions are complicated by methodological issues (e.g., differing outcome measures, confounding variables, low-quality studies, publication bias) [9,79].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“In addition, ABM threat-avoidance training studies often use similar tasks to both modify AB and assess AB change (e.g., probe-based spatial attention tasks are used in both ABM threatavoidance training and AB assessment), and it is therefore unclear whether effects of training transfer to other AB measures or related cognitive functions [7,82].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“AB assessment methods include visual probe, spatial cueing, modified Stroop, flanker, and visual search tasks [6,7,12,19,35,53-55,86,98-100].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
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“On the other hand, accumulating evidence suggests that the relationship between anxiety and attention bias to threat is not as consistently observed across studies as previously thought (Heeren et al. 2015; Mogg et al. 2017).”
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“, that the probe was more likely to occur in the location opposite the threat cues); consequently, changes in performance may not necessarily indicate changes in the attention bias toward threat (Mogg et al., 2017).”
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“Although the findings across all anxiety disorders are mixed and occasionally fail to show good replicability ABM generally produces reductions in anxiety (Mogg et al. 2017).”
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“However, both these intervention studies and basic investigations of attentional biases in anxiety and depression have produced mixed findings, potentially reflecting heterogeneity within patient groups (Heeren et al., 2015; Mogg et al., 2017; Mogoaşe et al., 2014; Peckham et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAttention bias toward negative stimuli
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“Previous studies have shown that socially anxious people have a malfunction of attentional systems (Buckner et al., 2010; Heeren et al., 2015; Mogg et al., 2017; Moriya & Tanno, 2009, 2010; Roelofs et al., 2010; Schmitz et al., 2012; Schofield et al., 2012; Wieser et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCan Machine Learning Approaches Lead Toward Personalized Cognitive Training?
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The effect of attentional bias modification on eating behavior among women craving high-calorie food
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“Yet, these pre-existing biases are not consistently shown and can therefore not be modified in some ABMT studies (Mogg et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialMondino, M., Lenglos, C., Cinti, A., Renauld, E., & Fecteau, S. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108152 · Cited by 21
Heitmann, J., van Hemel-Ruiter, M. E., Huisman, M., Ostafin, B. D., Wiers, R. W. H. J., MacLeod, C., DeFuentes-Merillas, L., Fledderus, M., Markus, W., & de Jong, P. J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252494 · Cited by 19
“A third potential reason for inconsistency has been suggested based on results in anxietyrelated ABM studies [25].”
ResultCarlson, J. M., Fang, L., Koster, E. H. W., Andrzejewski, J. A., Gilbertson, H., Elwell, K. A., & Zuidema, T. R. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108353 · Cited by 19
Liang, C. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103925 · Cited by 18
Cognitive training for mental health problems
Hallion, L. S., Hsu, K. J., & Schleider, J. L. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-023-00185-y · Cited by 20
Maltreatment and Emotional Development
Harms, M. B., Leitzke, B. T., & Pollak, S. D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17332-6_28 · Cited by 18
Reducing attention bias in spider fear by manipulating expectancies
Abado, E., Sagi, J., Silber, N., Houwer, J. D., Aue, T., & Okon‐Singer, H. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103729 · Cited by 17
Cognitive Reserve and Anxiety Interactions Play a Fundamental Role in the Response to the Stress
García-Moreno, J. A., Cañadas, F., García, J. G., & Roldán-Tapia, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673596 · Cited by 20
Amir, N., Holbrook, A., Kallen, A. M., Santopetro, N. J., Klawohn, J., McGhie, S. F., Bruchnak, A., Lowe, M. E., Taboas, W., Brush, C. J., et al. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231170563 · Cited by 17
“…to train their attention on a speeded reaction-time task while ignoring potentially distracting task-irrelevant stimuli allowed participants to train top-down attentional-control processes (i.e., cognitive flexibility, goal-directed inhibitory control; Mogg et al., 2017), in turn reducing the ERN.”
BackgroundPrice, R. B., Beltz, A. M., Woody, M. L., Cummings, L. R., Gilchrist, D., & Siegle, G. J. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620906149 · Cited by 18
Hoping for more: How cognitive science has and hasn't been helpful to the OCD clinician
Ouimet, A. J., Ashbaugh, A. R., & Radomsky, A. S. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.04.003 · Cited by 18
Mental fatigue is linked with attentional bias for sad stimuli
Watanabe, K., Sasaki, A. T., Tajima, K., Mizuseki, K., Mizuno, K., & Watanabe, Y. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45428-0 · Cited by 16
Sport-related concussion is associated with elevated anxiety, but not attentional bias to threat
Carlson, J. M., Kangas, K. J., Susa, T. R., Fang, L., & Moore, M. (2020) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2020.1723698 · Cited by 17
“suggests that many studies actually fail to find a relationship between attentional bias and anxiety (45).”
BackgroundRobinson, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.031 · Cited by 18
Shani, R., Tal, S., Derakshan, N., Cohen, N., Enock, P. M., McNally, R. J., Mor, N., Daches, S., Williams, A. D., Yiend, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.043 · Cited by 18
“, a facial expression of disgust, a photo of a baby crying, the word “sad”)? These variables were chosen based on a comprehensive literature review indicating that they predict training efficacy (Koster et al., 2017; Mogg et al., 2017; Price et al., 2016; von Bastian and Oberauer, 2014; Weicker et al., 2016).”
Aday, J. S., & Carlson, J. M. (2017) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.002 · Cited by 17
Attentional bias modification in social anxiety: Effects on the N2pc component
Reutter, M., Hewig, J. S., Wieser, M. J., & Osinsky, R. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.05.001 · Cited by 17
The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Consensus and Controversy
McCrae, R. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.013 · Cited by 20
Alon, Y., Azriel, O., Pine, D. S., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172200023x · Cited by 16
“Finally, (c) the speedy (4 weeks) symptom reduction across groups may suggest that both ABM and ACT include active components, including a targeting of attention control mechanisms (Mogg, Waters, & Bradley, 2017; Pettit et al., 2020).”
Waters, A. M., Candy, S. G., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Groth, T. A., Craske, M. G., Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00551-4 · Cited by 15
Self-citationAbado, E., Aue, T., & Okon‐Singer, H. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10100745 · Cited by 16
“In their review on cognitive mechanisms underlying anxiety and its treatment with ABM, Mogg, and Bradley [18] suggested an integrative framework.”
BackgroundInfluentialAnticipatory versus reactive spatial attentional bias to threat
Gladwin, T. E., Möbius, M., McLoughlin, S., & Tyndall, I. T. (2018) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12309 · Cited by 14
Godara, M., Sánchez-López, Á., Baeken, C., & Raedt, R. D. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103787 · Cited by 15
Torrence, R. D., Troup, L. J., Rojas, D. C., & Carlson, J. M. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.04.002 · Cited by 13
Carlson, J. M., Voltz, M., Foley, J., Gentry, L., & Fang, L. (2022) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-022-03471-3 · Cited by 14
Dodd, H. F., Rayson, H., Ryan, Z. J., Bishop, C., Parsons, S. D., & Stuijfzand, B. G. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000623 · Cited by 19
Tan, P. Z., Rozenman, M. S., Chang, S. W., Jurgiel, J., Truong, H., Piacentini, J. C., & Loo, S. K. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108206 · Cited by 15
Attention Training as a Low-Intensity Treatment for Concerning Anxiety in Clinic-Referred Youth
Pettit, J. W., Rey, Y., Marin, C. E., Bechor, M., Lebowitz, E. R., Vasey, M. W., Jaccard, J. J., Abend, R., Pine, D. S., Bar‐Haim, Y., et al. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.07.004 · Cited by 13
Suslow, T., Hoepfel, D., Günther, V., Kersting, A., & Bodenschatz, C. M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25317-9 · Cited by 13
Looking While Unhappy: A Mood-Congruent Attention Bias Toward Sad Adult Faces in Children
Großheinrich, N., Firk, C., Schulte‐Rüther, M., von Leupoldt, A., Konrad, K., & Huestegge, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02577 · Cited by 13
“While there is evidence for very early (pre-conscious) moodcongruent attention processing in anxiety (e.g., Mogg et al., 1994, 1995, 2017; Okon-Singer, 2018), the results regarding sad/depressive mood-congruent biases were rather mixed: While some studies report mood-congruent biases in depression…”
Resultde Lijster, J. M., Dieleman, G. C., Utens, E. M. W. J., van der Ende, J., Alexander, T. M., Boon, A. E., Hillegers, M. H. J., & Legerstee, J. S. (2019) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2019.8 · Cited by 11
“Furthermore, Mogg et al. (2017) highlight that for most ABM studies, participants often do not show AB towards threat.”
BackgroundAttentional Bias for Threat and Anxiety: The Role of Loneliness
Wei, M., Roodenrys, S. J., & Miller, L. M. (2020) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2020.1762400 · Cited by 13
“…anxiety may be modest (Mogg & Bradley, 2018; Mogg et al., 2017; Mogoaşe et al., 2014), studies and clinical trials which have sought to modify ABT via behavioral training methods have indicated that ABT is at least amendable to change [see (Mogg et al. (2017) and Mogoaşe et al. (2014) for reviews].”
BackgroundDavid, D., & Măgurean, S. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9111600 · Cited by 12
Residual effects of cannabis use on attentional bias towards fearful faces
Torrence, R., Rojas, D., & Troup, L. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.09.008 · Cited by 10
Machulska, A., Eiler, T. J., Haßler, B., Kleinke, K., Brück, R., Jahn, K., Niehaves, B., & Klucken, T. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01107-w · Cited by 11
“Apart from specific proportions of contingencies, it is conceivable that control trainings might exert their influence by simply exposing participants to drug cues without providing the possibility to consume (i.e., cue exposure; Mogg et al. 2017).”
A Systematic Review of Attentional Bias in Problem Gambling
Farr, Z., Broomfield, N. M., & Coventry, K. R. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-023-10260-9 · Cited by 11
“Attentional bias modification (ABM) has been used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, aiming to reduce pathology by diminishing attentional bias to threat (Mogg et al., 2017).”
MethodZhao, Z., Yu, X., Ren, Z., Zhang, L., & Li, X. (2021) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101711 · Cited by 12
Evolutionary Personality Psychology
Lewis, D. M. G., Al-Shawaf, L., & Buss, D. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.022 · Cited by 11
Involuntary autobiographical memories as a transdiagnostic factor in mental disorders
Shan, Y., Rubin, D. C., & Berntsen, D. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102545 · Cited by 10
Stewart, K. E., Antony, M. M., & Koerner, N. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103863 · Cited by 10
Nuijs, M. D., Larsen, H., Bögels, S. M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Salemink, E. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101545 · Cited by 10
“…correlate with measures of anxiety (Van Bockstaele et al., 2019), future studies should include different measures of bias and anxiety in order to delineate whether ABM affected specific components of bias and anxiety or resulted in more general changes in bias and anxiety (cf. Mogg et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBaker, A. W., Hellberg, S. N., Jacoby, R. J., Losiewicz, O. M., Orr, S. P., Marques, L. M., & Simon, N. M. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101568 · Cited by 10
Lau, J. Y. F., Watkins-Muleba, R., Lee, I., Pile, V., & Hirsch, C. R. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03320-0 · Cited by 13
Development of Personality across the Life Span
Atherton, O. E., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.017 · Cited by 15
Cognitive bias modification for inferential style
Avirbach, N., Perlman, B., & Mor, N. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1476321 · Cited by 10
Nishiguchi, Y., Sakamoto, J., Kunisato, Y., & Takano, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02447 · Cited by 9
The Role of Attentional Control in Cognitive Deficits Associated With Chronic Pain
Godfrey, H. K., Walsh, A. T., Fischer, R. D., & Grimshaw, G. M. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620925744 · Cited by 9
Ozturk, S., Zhang, X., Glasgow, S., Karnani, R. R., Imbriano, G., Luhmann, C. C., Jin, J., & Mohanty, A. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.07.005 · Cited by 13
“Treatment strategies such as attentional bias modi fi cation are believed to work by ameliorating these attentional or perceptual biases in anxiety (5).”
BackgroundApproach–Avoidance Theories of Personality
Corr, P. J., & Krupıć, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.025 · Cited by 12
Zhao, R., Ma, W., Li, C., Yang, M., He, S., Mao, N., Dong, X., & Cui, L. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108508 · Cited by 8
Segal, A., Pine, D. S., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720004304 · Cited by 9
Caprara, G. V., & Vecchione, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.038 · Cited by 9
Single-Session Attention Bias Modification Training in Victims of Work-Related Accidents
Buodo, G., Patron, E., Benvenuti, S. M., & Palomba, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01619 · Cited by 10
Conceptual and Historical Perspectives
Cloninger, S. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.004 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Mogg, K., Waters, A. M., & Bradley, B. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Griffith University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Mogg, Karin
- Venue
- Clinical Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-04-26
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 698-717
- ISSN
- 2167-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 2167-7034
- PMC
- PMC5513441
- OpenAlex
- W2607627610
- Semantic Scholar
- 33dc86184688b3d716fef304156afd0a429a078d
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 5.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Psychological Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- attentional bias modification, attention bias to threat, anxiety reduction, threat avoidance, top-down cognitive control, attentional orienting
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