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Men Set Their Own Cites High: Gender and Self-citation across Fields and over Time
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Abstract
How common is self-citation in scholarly publication, and does the practice vary by gender? Using novel methods and a data set of 1.5 million research papers in the scholarly database JSTOR published between 1779 and 2011, the authors find that nearly 10 percent of references are self-citations by a paper’s authors. The findings also show that between 1779 and 2011, men cited their own papers 56 percent more than did women. In the last two decades of data, men self-cited 70 percent more than women. Women are also more than 10 percentage points more likely than men to not cite their own previous work at all. While these patterns could result from differences in the number of papers that men and women authors have published rather than gender-specific patterns of self-citation behavior, this gender gap in self-citation rates has remained stable over the last 50 years, despite increased representation of women in academia. The authors break down self-citation patterns by academic field and number of authors and comment on potential mechanisms behind these observations. These findings have important implications for scholarly visibility and cumulative advantage in academic careers.
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“For example, female academics tend to use more modest language in presenting their work in paper abstracts compared to men25,28, engage less in self-citation behavior39 and are less likely to promote their papers on social media40.”
From Scientific publications that use promotional language in the abstract receive more citations and public attention (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
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Metadata
- Authors
- King, M. M., Bergstrom, C. T., Correll, S. J., Jacquet, J., & West, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- King, Molly M.
- Venue
- Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-01-01
- Volume
- 3
- ISSN
- 2378-0231 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2466144917
- Cited by
- 275
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 25.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Scholar Commons (Santa Clara University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Web visibility and informetrics
- Keywords
- self-citation, gender gap, women in academia, Matthew effect, research visibility, academic careers, gender and science, field of study, number of authors, JSTOR
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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