The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Increased urinary excretion of a 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid (HPHPA), an abnormal phenylalanine metabolite of Clostridia spp. in the gastrointestinal tract, in urine samples from patients with autism and schizophrenia
Abstract
A compound identified as 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid (HPHPA) was found in higher concentrations in urine samples of children with autism compared to age and sex appropriate controls and in an adult with recurrent diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile infections. The highest value measured in urine samples was 7500 mmol/mol creatinine, a value 300 times the median normal adult value, in a patient with acute schizophrenia during an acute psychotic episode. The psychosis remitted after treatment with oral vancomycin with a concomitant marked decrease in HPHPA. The source of this compound appears to be multiple species of anaerobic bacteria of the Clostridium genus. The significance of this compound is that it is a probable metabolite of m-tyrosine (3-hydroxyphenylalanine), a tyrosine analog which depletes brain catecholamines and causes symptoms of autism (stereotypical behavior, hyperactivity, and hyper-reactivity) in experimental animals.
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“Altered patterns of bacterial metabolites were seen in a large number of children with ASD compared to healthy control children. These metabolites included elevated 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid (HPHPA), a catabolic byproduct of Clostridia [59].”
From The Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [59]
Citations
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Emerging applications of metabolomics in drug discovery and precision medicine
Wishart, D. S. (2016) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2016.32 · Cited by 1,543
Oliphant, K., & Allen-Vercoe, E. (2019) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8 · Cited by 1,327
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The Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shaw, W.
- Corresponding author
- Shaw, William
- Venue
- Nutritional Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 135-143
- ISSN
- 1028-415X (ISSN-L)
- 1476-8305
- OpenAlex
- W2016430945
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutritional Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- urinary biomarkers, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, Clostridium, Clostridium difficile infection, m-tyrosine, phenylalanine metabolism, vancomycin, anaerobic gut bacteria, catecholamine depletion
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Clostridium, Clostridium Infections, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phenylalanine, Phenylpropionates, Schizophrenia, Sex Characteristics, Vancomycin, Clostridioides difficile, Gastrointestinal Tract, Young Adult
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