Cited by 161Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchGut microbiota and healthTryptophan and brain disorders

Urinary p-cresol is elevated in small children with severe autism spectrum disorder

Open access
Altieri, Laura, Neri, Cristina, Sacco, Roberto, Curatolo, Paolo, Benvenuto, Arianna, Muratori, Filippo, Santocchi, Elisa, Bravaccio, Carmela +6 more·2011·Biomarkers

Abstract

Several studies have described in autistic patients an overgrowth of unusual gut bacterial strains, able to push the fermentation of tyrosine up to the formation of p-cresol. We compared levels of urinary p-cresol, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet, in 59 matched case-control pairs. Urinary p-cresol was significantly elevated in autistic children smaller than 8 years of age (p < 0.01), typically females (p < 0.05), and more severely affected regardless of sex (p < 0.05). Urinary cotinine measurements excluded smoking-related hydrocarbon contaminations as contributors to these differences. Hence, elevated urinary p-cresol may serve as a biomarker of autism liability in small children, especially females and more severely affected males.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.3109/1354750x.2010.548010

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37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • P-cresol, a microbial metabolite produced by Clostridium species, was significantly elevated in children with ASD, especially females with severe autism.

    “P-cresol, another microbial metabolite produced by Clostridium species, was significantly elevated in children with ASD, especially females with severe autism [60].”
  • Some species belonging to Clostridium produce p-cresol; this chemical metabolite could cause the reduction of glutathione and is reported to be a possible urinary biomarker for autism.

    “In addition, some species belonging to the Clostridium produce p-cresol. This chemical metabolite could cause the reduction of glutathione and reported to be a possible urinary biomarker for autism54,55.”

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Authors
Altieri, L., Neri, C., Sacco, R., Curatolo, P., Benvenuto, A., Muratori, F., Santocchi, E., Bravaccio, C., Lenti, C., Saccani, M., Rigardetto, R., Gandione, M., Urbani, A., & Persico, A. M.
Affiliations
  • Università Campus Bio-Medico (IT)
  • University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
  • University of Pisa (IT)
  • Federico II University Hospital (IT)
  • University of Milan (IT)
  • University of Turin (IT)
Corresponding author
Persico, Antonio M.
Venue
Biomarkers
Published
2011-02-18
Volume
16
Issue
3
Pages
252-260
ISSN
  • 1354-750X (ISSN-L)
  • 1366-5804
OpenAlex
W2002852362
Cited by
161
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
FWCI
3.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Biomarkers (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
  • Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
  • IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Keywords
p-cresol, autism spectrum disorder, urinary biomarkers, gut microbiota, autism severity, sex differences, young children
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Cotinine, Cresols, Female, Humans, Male, Regression Analysis, Biomarkers, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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