The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by pervasive deficits in social interaction, impairment in verbal and non-verbal communication, and stereotyped patterns of interests and activities. Vitamin-D deficiency was previously reported in autistic children. However, the data on the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of autism are limited. METHODS: We performed a case-controlled cross-sectional analysis conducted on 122 ASD children, to assess their vitamin D status compared to controls and the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of autism. We also conducted an open trial of vitamin D supplementation in ASD children. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of the patients in the present study had vitamin D deficiency, and 30% had vitamin D insufficiency. The mean 25-OHD levels in patients with severe autism were significantly lower than those in patients with mild/moderate autism. Serum 25-OHD levels had significant negative correlations with Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scores. Of the ASD group, 106 patients with low-serum 25-OHD levels (<30 ng/ml) participated in the open label trial. They received vitamin D3 (300 IU/kg/day not to exceed 5000 IU/day) for 3 months. Eighty-three subjects completed 3 months of daily vitamin D treatment. Collectively, 80.72% (67/83) of subjects who received vitamin D3 treatment had significantly improved outcome, which was mainly in the sections of the CARS and aberrant behavior checklist subscales that measure behavior, stereotypy, eye contact, and attention span. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D is inexpensive, readily available and safe. It may have beneficial effects in ASD subjects, especially when the final serum level is more than 40 ng/ml. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: UMIN-CTR Study Design: trial Number: R000016846.
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In the citing paper
“Of 14 studies, nine reported significant differences in 25(OH)D concentrations between cases and controls [78,81,108,109,110,111,112,117,118], one borderline difference [114], and four found no significant differences among study groups [79,113,115,116].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“Children on the severe end of the spectrum had lower mean 25(OH)D concentration than those with mild/moderate ASD (30 ± 15 vs. 53 ± 21 nmol/L, respectively).”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“To avoid seasonal variations in 25(OH)D concentrations, all blood samples in this study were drawn during same two months (May and June).”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“The season of birth was taken into account in both studies but no significant differences were found in either group.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“Meguid et al. (2010) [81] and Saad et al. (2015) [111] also thoroughly examined all children, including both cases and controls, for medical conditions and mental disorders, and reported that two groups of Egyptian children with ASD had significantly lower levels of 25(OH)D compared to age, sex and socio-economic status matched healthy controls.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“and serum 25(OH)D concentrations negatively correlated with CARS scores (r = −0.50, p < 0.0001) [111].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“CARS scores decreased by 3.5–6.5 points in all 16 patients with final 25(OH)D >100 nmol/L, by 1.5–4.5 points in 31 out of 49 patients with 25(OH)D levels 75–97.5 nmol/L and no improvements in all 18 patients with 25(OH)D levels <75 nmol/L had improvements.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“With the exception of inappropriate speech subscale of ABC, all other measures (irritability, stereotypic behaviour, social withdrawal and hyperactivity) improved significantly after treatment.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“This study had a relatively large sample size and also limited seasonal effects by drawing all blood samples during the summer months, though the baseline and follow-up levels of 25(OH)D were not reported.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“Other limitations of this study were its drop-out rate of approximately 22% and the lack of a placebo or comparison arm.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
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“Moreover, vitamin D supplementation might improve the core symptoms of ASD (5, 11, 13).”
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“2016), and a 3-month treatment with Vitamin D3 improved measures of behavioral abnormality in younger children advancing this therapeutic potential for the treatment of ASD (Jia et al. 2015; Feng et al. 2017; Saad et al. 2016).”
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Iron, Vitamin D and B12 Levels of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder at Diagnosis
Çelik, P., Sucaklı, İ. A., & Yakut, H. İ. (2022) · Journal of Dr Behcet Uz Children s Hospital · doi:10.4274/buchd.galenos.2022.79027 · Cited by 2
Interactions of vitamin D with parathyroid glands; an updated mini-review
Hemmati, H. R. (2023) · Journal of Parathyroid Disease · doi:10.34172/jpd.2023.11228 · Cited by 2
“Adequate vitamin D levels, therefore, suppress PTH synthesis and release in the parathyroid glands, maintaining calcium homeostasis (25,26).”
BackgroundAssociations Between Vitamin D and Core Symptoms in ASD: An Umbrella Review
Jiang, Y., Dang, W., Sui, L., Gao, T., Kong, X., Guo, J., Liu, S., Hong, N., & Jiang, Z. (2024) · Nutrition and Dietary Supplements · doi:10.2147/nds.s470462 · Cited by 5
Liu, Q., & Yu, D. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3241 · Cited by 3
“…the concentration of a certain serum vitamin and the development level or the severity of ASD symptoms, but the findings are mixed (e.g., positive in some studies but null in others) (Dong et al., 2023; Li et al., 2021; Saad et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2022; Yektas et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2020).”
Sultan, S., Alhejin, N., Serafi, R., Alrahi, M. A., Afifi, G., Al-Adawi, L., Serafi, M. R., & Madhoun, N. E. (2025) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint6010022 · Cited by 3
“Most case–control studies [59–69] of children have shown a significant association between VD deficiency and ASD, except for two (see Table 5).”
Dharshini, D., Sagar, S., Ramani, P., & Jeyaraj, G. (2025) · BULLETIN OF STOMATOLOGY AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY · doi:10.58240/1829006x-2025.3-216 · Cited by 2
Nutraceutical approaches for Autism Spectrum Disorder treatment
Dobrachinski, F., Ribeiro, K. A., Bezerra, I. C., da Silva, A. J., Pereira, C. M. M., Vellasques, K., Padilha, H. A., Haas, S. E., Ávila, D. S., & Gubert, P. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115653 · Cited by 2
Shin, M. K., Son, Y., Yon, D. K., & Lee, J. (2025) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-025-00924-4 · Cited by 5
“Saad et al. [61] and Feng et al. [62] demonstrated consistent benefits of vitamin D3 supplementation, reporting significant improvements in CARS and Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) scores after three months.”
New light on an old vitamin: The role of the sunshine vitamin D in chronic disease
Muscogiuri, G. (2017) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-017-9427-y · Cited by 2
“Lack of vitamin D has been involved in the pathogenesis of several acute and chronic illnesses including musculoskeletal disorders [1], type 1 diabetes [2], type 2 diabetes [3], male hypogonadism [4], polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) [5], cancer [6], autism [7], dementia [8] and cardiovascular diseases [9].”
BackgroundAutism in Children Connected with Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Walecki, P. K., Kawala‐Sterniuk, A., & Siwek, J. (2018) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.79863 · Cited by 2
“Improvements in behavior such as reduced irritability, drowsiness, social withdrawal, and hyperactivity were observed [51].”
BackgroundVitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Vegelin, M., Teodorowicz, G., & Savelkoul, H. F. J. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.96928 · Cited by 2
O transtorno do Espectro Autista e a alimentação – uma revisão
Quintana, F. M., Tiecher, A., Ribeiro, G., & Ribeiro, P. F. D. A. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv6n5-419 · Cited by 2
Supplement Section Dental Medicine
(2024) · Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) · doi:10.5272/jimab.2023v29supplement2 · Cited by 1
Ramírez-Guerrero, S., Puerta-Murcia, A., Martinez-Benavides, N., Quiroz, M. A. D., & Talero‐Gutiérrez, C. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07059-5 · Cited by 3
Hoidy, W. H., Essa, A. M., Essa, S. M., Chyad, D. H., & Al-Saadi, M. H. (2026) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-026-02496-y · Cited by 1
“The two groups had comparable levels of some micronutrients the most important of which were vitamin D3 and vitamin B12, which is in contrast to other reports which show vitamin D and B12 deficiencies in the populations with autism (Saad et al. 2016).”
Vega, M. C., Chong, S., & Burne, T. H. J. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.018 · Cited by 1
Zayed, K. S., Alhakeem, M. A., & ALkaabi, Z. S. M. (2023) · Human Gene · doi:10.1016/j.humgen.2023.201192 · Cited by 3
Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo: aspectos relacionados à alimentação e nutrição
da Silva, L. M. A., Braz, R. M. M., & Sodré, C. L. (2023) · Revista Práxis Online/Revista Práxis · doi:10.47385/praxis.v15.n29.3803 · Cited by 3
Panchawagh, S., Kumar, P., Srikumar, S., Sarkar, M., Ashok, T., Gupta, S., Shaikh, H., Soumya, K. S., Poorvikha, S., Abhishek, K., et al. (2023) · Indian Journal of Medical Specialities · doi:10.4103/injms.injms_30_23 · Cited by 1
Al-Demirchi, J. Y., AL-Ghurabi, B. H., & AlKubaisy, W. (2024) · Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry · doi:10.26477/jbcd.v36i4.3822 · Cited by 1
Kovalchuk, T., & Boyarchuk, O. R. (2019) · PAIN JOINTS SPINE · doi:10.22141/2224-1507.9.3.2019.178642 · Cited by 1
Jiang, Y., Dang, W., Hong, N., Kong, X., & Jiang, Z. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2801688/v1 · Cited by 1
Liu, Z., Zou, L., Chen, A., Herold, F., Taylor, A., Yu, Q., Chen, M., Wei, R., Cai, K., Liu, Y., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3197861/v1 · Cited by 1
Vitamin D Deficiency and Manifestation of the Disease: Revisiting the Significance
Giri, A. (2017) · Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research · doi:10.18535/jmscr/v5i6.163
Saad, K., & Al-Atram, A. A. (2017) · Open Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.17352/2640-7612.000013
“Our previous study [6] showed that more than half of children with ASD had vitamin D defi ciency, and about one third had vitamin D insuffi ciency.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationSanchez, M. M. (2018) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2018.251
Vitamin D as Nutritional Strategy to Treat Autism
El-Ansary, A. K. (2018) · Novel Techniques in Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.31031/ntnf.2018.01.000512
“A recent randomized controlled trial, published in the Journal of Child Psychiatry and Psychology, found that high dose vitamin D (300 IU/ KG/day) had a significant treatment effect on the core symptoms of autism [8].”
BackgroundCHANGABLE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS IN AUTISM: VITAMIN D AND FOLIC ACID
Noğay, N. H. (2018) · International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy · doi:10.23884/ijhsrp.2018.3.3.07
“106 children with ASD, possessing serum 25(OH) D concentration of < 75 nmol/L, were administered 300 IU/kg vitamin D for 3 months in such a way not to exceed 5000 IU per day, and behaviors such as irritability, stereotypic behavior and hyperactivity considerably recovered [22].”
MethodAnsari, S., Zidashti, Z. H., Elmieh, A., & Bidabadi, E. (2020) · Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health · doi:10.29252/jcmh.6.4.2
Depressão no processo de envelhecimento em pacientes institucionalizados.
Sobrinho, E. P., Moura, G. D. O., Matias, M. T. D. S., Ribeiro, B. P., & de Azevedo, A. C. M. (2020) · Editora Poisson eBooks · doi:10.36229/978-65-86127-73-7.cap.08
Assistência de enfermagem a pessoa idosa no perioperatório: Um relato de experiência
Freitas, I. T. D. S., da Silva, A. A., de Oliveira, D. G., de Moura, I. C. P., & Aguiar, P. V. (2020) · Editora Poisson eBooks · doi:10.36229/978-65-86127-73-7.cap.07
Metadata
- Authors
- Saad, K., Abdel-rahman, A. A., Elserogy, Y. M., Al-Atram, A. A., Cannell, J. J., Bjørklund, G., Abdel-Reheim, M. K., Othman, H. A. K., El-Houfey, A. A., Abd El-Aziz, N. H. R., Abd El-Baseer, K. A., Ahmed, A. E., & Ali, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Assiut University (EG)
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (NO)
- Dorset County Hospital (GB)
- Aswan University (EG)
- South Valley University (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Saad, Khaled
- Venue
- Nutritional Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-04-15
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 346-351
- ISSN
- 1028-415X (ISSN-L)
- 1476-8305
- OpenAlex
- W1983757935
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 19.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutritional Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D supplementation, vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, autism severity, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, aberrant behavior, children with autism
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention, Calcifediol, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Cholecalciferol, Cross-Sectional Studies, Egypt, Eye Movements, Humans, Hyperkinesis, Male, Nutritional Status, Patient Compliance, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Social Behavior, Vitamin D Deficiency, Case-Control Studies, Dietary Supplements, Stereotypic Movement Disorder
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