The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by pervasive deficits in social interaction, impairment in verbal and non-verbal communication, and stereotyped patterns of interests and activities. Vitamin-D deficiency was previously reported in autistic children. However, the data on the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of autism are limited. METHODS: We performed a case-controlled cross-sectional analysis conducted on 122 ASD children, to assess their vitamin D status compared to controls and the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of autism. We also conducted an open trial of vitamin D supplementation in ASD children. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of the patients in the present study had vitamin D deficiency, and 30% had vitamin D insufficiency. The mean 25-OHD levels in patients with severe autism were significantly lower than those in patients with mild/moderate autism. Serum 25-OHD levels had significant negative correlations with Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scores. Of the ASD group, 106 patients with low-serum 25-OHD levels (<30 ng/ml) participated in the open label trial. They received vitamin D3 (300 IU/kg/day not to exceed 5000 IU/day) for 3 months. Eighty-three subjects completed 3 months of daily vitamin D treatment. Collectively, 80.72% (67/83) of subjects who received vitamin D3 treatment had significantly improved outcome, which was mainly in the sections of the CARS and aberrant behavior checklist subscales that measure behavior, stereotypy, eye contact, and attention span. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D is inexpensive, readily available and safe. It may have beneficial effects in ASD subjects, especially when the final serum level is more than 40 ng/ml. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: UMIN-CTR Study Design: trial Number: R000016846.
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In the citing paper
“Of 14 studies, nine reported significant differences in 25(OH)D concentrations between cases and controls [78,81,108,109,110,111,112,117,118], one borderline difference [114], and four found no significant differences among study groups [79,113,115,116].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“Children on the severe end of the spectrum had lower mean 25(OH)D concentration than those with mild/moderate ASD (30 ± 15 vs. 53 ± 21 nmol/L, respectively).”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“To avoid seasonal variations in 25(OH)D concentrations, all blood samples in this study were drawn during same two months (May and June).”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“The season of birth was taken into account in both studies but no significant differences were found in either group.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“Meguid et al. (2010) [81] and Saad et al. (2015) [111] also thoroughly examined all children, including both cases and controls, for medical conditions and mental disorders, and reported that two groups of Egyptian children with ASD had significantly lower levels of 25(OH)D compared to age, sex and socio-economic status matched healthy controls.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“and serum 25(OH)D concentrations negatively correlated with CARS scores (r = −0.50, p < 0.0001) [111].”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“CARS scores decreased by 3.5–6.5 points in all 16 patients with final 25(OH)D >100 nmol/L, by 1.5–4.5 points in 31 out of 49 patients with 25(OH)D levels 75–97.5 nmol/L and no improvements in all 18 patients with 25(OH)D levels <75 nmol/L had improvements.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“With the exception of inappropriate speech subscale of ABC, all other measures (irritability, stereotypic behaviour, social withdrawal and hyperactivity) improved significantly after treatment.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“This study had a relatively large sample size and also limited seasonal effects by drawing all blood samples during the summer months, though the baseline and follow-up levels of 25(OH)D were not reported.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“Other limitations of this study were its drop-out rate of approximately 22% and the lack of a placebo or comparison arm.”
From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [111]
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“Further, it has been suggested that high-dose vitamin D treatment has beneficial effects in ASD subjects (Cannell 2013; Saad et al. 2016a).”
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“A minimum of 40 ng/mL serum vitamin D levels are optimal to obtain benefits among individuals with ASD [55].”
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“Vitamin D supplementation significantly improves ASD symptoms in deficient patients [78,81].”
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“Moreover, two of those that have reported positive results (83, 84) have been largely debated for the methods used to collect data and to evaluate results (85, 86).”
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Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children and Determinant Factors of Autism: A Case-Control Study
Alkhalidy, H., Abushaikha, A., Alnaser, K., Obeidat, M. D., & Al-Shami, I. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.627011 · Cited by 34
“This is a higher percentage compared to previous studies in the United States and Egypt in which 62 and 57% of children (respectively), had vitamin D deficiency (54, 70).”
BackgroundResultBalandeh, E., Karimian, M., Behjati, M., & Mohammadi, A. H. (2021) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000514075 · Cited by 34
Dietary interventions for autism spectrum disorder: An updated systematic review of human studies
Amadi, C. N., Orish, C. N., Frazzoli, C., & Orisakwe, O. E. (2022) · Psychiatriki · doi:10.22365/jpsych.2022.073 · Cited by 37
“In the present review, one cross-sectional study examined the impact of vitamin D in children with autism.(29) In that study, 57% of the patients had vitamin D deficiency, while 30% had vitamin D insufficiency.”
BackgroundResultInfante, M., Sears, B., Rizzo, A. M., Cerati, D. M., Caprio, M., Ricordi, C., & Fabbri, A. (2018) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2018.1557385 · Cited by 31
Fang, Y., Cui, Y., Yin, Z., Hou, M., Guo, P., Wang, H., Liu, N., Cai, C., & Wang, M. (2023) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2023.147723 · Cited by 39
Esnafoğlu, E., & Subaşı, B. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114735 · Cited by 30
Advances in the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current and Promising Strategies
Yenkoyan, K. B., Ounanian, Z., Mirumyan, M., Hayrapetyan, L., Zakaryan, N., Sahakyan, R., & Bjørklund, G. (2023) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0109298673252910230920151332 · Cited by 32
Self-citationJiang, Y., Dang, W., Hong, N., Kong, X., Jiang, Z., & Guo, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1238973 · Cited by 30
Nutraceuticals in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review
Bozzatello, P., Novelli, R., Montemagni, C., Rocca, P., & Bellino, S. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25094824 · Cited by 30
“Many studies suggested a possible link between ASD and multiple environmental as well as genetic risk factors [159].”
BackgroundDeFilippis, M. (2025) · Psychopharmacology Bulletin · doi:10.64719/pb.4560 · Cited by 26
Al-Amin, M. M., Sullivan, R., Kurniawan, N. D., & Burne, T. H. J. (2019) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-019-01840-w · Cited by 27
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“factors [15], and oxidative stress [16, 17].”
The role of vitamin D deficiency in the development of paediatric diseases
Liu, Z., Huang, S., Yuan, X., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., & Zhou, J. (2022) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2154381 · Cited by 25
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Self-citationClinical improvement following vitamin D3 supplementation in children with chronic tic disorders
Li, H., Xu, Z., Wang, B., Feng, J., Dong, H.-Y., & Jia, F. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s212322 · Cited by 25
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“Previous clinical studies have shown that after a 3-month vitamin D supplement for ASD children, language function, stereotypic behavior, and social decline improved (44).”
Ali, A. A., Cui, X., Alexander, S., & Eyles, D. W. (2018) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.01.015 · Cited by 24
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“There is evidence that approximately 50% of children with ASD have vitamin D deficiency and that 30% have insufficient vitamin D, with serum vitamin D correlating negatively with ASD severity [47].”
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Self-citationAutism - A Comprehensive Array of Prominent Signs and Symptoms
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“…as a risk factor is particularly prevalent in ASD (Bener, Khattab, & AlDabbagh, 2014; Fernell et al., 2010; Fernell et al., 2015; Kocovska et al., 2014; Meguid, Hashish, Anwar, & Sidhom, 2010; Mostafa & Al-Ayadhi, 2012; Saad et al., 2015; Tostes, Polonini, Gattaz, Raposo, & Baptista, 2012).”
BackgroundThe Association Between Serum Vitamin D3 Levels and Autism Among Jordanian Boys
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The Correlation Between Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Gene Polymorphisms and Autism: A Meta-analysis
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OTİZM SPEKTRUM BOZUKLUKLARI TEDAVİSİNDE BESLENME YAKLAŞIMLARI
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Vitamin A supplementation ameliorates prenatal valproic acid-induced autism-like behaviors in rats
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Potential natural products for the management of autism spectrum disorder
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“Vitamin D is found in less amounts in the diet; it is generally absorbed through skin exposure to sunlight.(34) Vitamin D deficiency caused by certain environmental conditions, especially the weather, has been linked to ASD.”
BackgroundVitamin D Status in Egyptian Children With Allergic Rhinitis
Saad, K., Abdelmoghny, A., Aboul-Khair, M. D., Abdel-Raheem, Y. F., Gad, E. F., Hammour, A. E.-S., Hawary, B., Zahran, A. M., Alblihed, M. A., & Elhoufey, A. A. (2019) · Ear Nose & Throat Journal · doi:10.1177/0145561319850814 · Cited by 18
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Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunda Tamamlayıcı ve Alternatif Tedavilerin Kullanımı
Hangül, Z., & Tufan, A. E. (2022) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.935207 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Saad, K., Abdel-rahman, A. A., Elserogy, Y. M., Al-Atram, A. A., Cannell, J. J., Bjørklund, G., Abdel-Reheim, M. K., Othman, H. A. K., El-Houfey, A. A., Abd El-Aziz, N. H. R., Abd El-Baseer, K. A., Ahmed, A. E., & Ali, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Assiut University (EG)
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (NO)
- Dorset County Hospital (GB)
- Aswan University (EG)
- South Valley University (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Saad, Khaled
- Venue
- Nutritional Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-04-15
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 346-351
- ISSN
- 1028-415X (ISSN-L)
- 1476-8305
- OpenAlex
- W1983757935
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 19.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutritional Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D supplementation, vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, autism severity, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, aberrant behavior, children with autism
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention, Calcifediol, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Cholecalciferol, Cross-Sectional Studies, Egypt, Eye Movements, Humans, Hyperkinesis, Male, Nutritional Status, Patient Compliance, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Social Behavior, Vitamin D Deficiency, Case-Control Studies, Dietary Supplements, Stereotypic Movement Disorder
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