Racial and ethnic differences in survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Bhatia, Smita; Sather, Harland N.; Heerema, Nyla A.; Trigg, Michael E.; Gaynon, Paul S.; Robison, Leslie L.

doi:10.1182/blood-2002-02-0395

Cited by 270Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia researchGlobal Cancer Incidence and ScreeningLymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment

Racial and ethnic differences in survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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Bhatia, Smita, Sather, Harland N., Heerema, Nyla A., Trigg, Michael E., Gaynon, Paul S., Robison, Leslie L.·2002·Blood

DOI 10.1182/blood-2002-02-0395

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Abstract

Black children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have poor outcomes, but limited information is available for children from other racial and ethnic backgrounds, such as Hispanic and Asian. We undertook a retrospective cohort study of children with ALL treated on Children's Cancer Group therapeutic protocols to determine outcomes by racial and ethnic backgrounds of patients treated with contemporary risk-based therapy. In total, 8447 children (white, n = 6703; Hispanic, n = 1071; black, n = 506; and Asian, n = 167) with newly diagnosed ALL between 1983 and 1995 were observed for a median of 6.5 years. Analysis of disease outcome was measured as overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) and was adjusted for known predictors of outcome including clinical features, disease biology, socioeconomic status, and treatment era (1983-1989 vs 1989-1995). There was a statistically significant difference in survival by ethnicity (P < .001). Five-year EFS rates were: Asian, 75.1% ± 3.5%; white, 72.8% ± 0.6%; Hispanic, 65.9% ± 1.5%; and black, 61.5% ± 2.2%. Multivariate analysis revealed that when compared with white children, black and Hispanic children had worse outcomes and Asian children had better outcomes after adjusting for known risk factors. The poorer outcomes among black children were most apparent among patients with standard-risk features (relative risk [RR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-2.5), whereas poorer outcomes in Hispanic children (RR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.6) were most evident among patients with high-risk features. Asian children had better outcomes than all racial and ethnic groups among high-risk patients, particularly in the recent era (5-year EFS, 90.9% ± 6.1%). Racial and ethnic differences in OS and EFS persist among children with ALL who receive contemporary risk-based therapy. Future studies should focus on reasons—perhaps compliance or pharmacogenetics—for those differences.

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Ancestry is likely to also impact the risk and severity of late effects.
“Similarly, ancestry, which is known to alter both pediatric ALL incidence and survival (Abrahão et al., 2015; Goggins & Lo, 2012; Linabery, Johnson, & Ross, 2012), is likely to also impact the risk and severity of late effects (Bhatia et al., 2002; Dores, Devesa, Curtis, Linet, & Morton, 2012; Lim, Bhatia, Robison, & Yang, 2014; Yang et al., 2010).”
From Brain structure, working memory and response inhibition in childhood leukemia survivors (2017) · cites this paper as Bhatia et al., 2002
The Discussion reports racial and ethnic differences in survival and speculates about differences in drug metabolism, but does not address the risk or severity of late effects. The Statistical analysis section defines the outcomes as overall and event-free survival, not late effects; searches for late effects, long-term complications, and treatment toxicity found no passage supporting the attributed point. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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ARID5B Genetic Polymorphisms Contribute to Racial Disparities in the Incidence and Treatment Outcome of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
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Length of Stay and Mortality Associated With Febrile Neutropenia Among Children With Cancer
Basu, S. K., Fernandez, I. D., Fisher, S. G., Asselin, B. L., & Lyman, G. H. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.01.6378 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Analysis of Racial/Ethnic Representation in Select Basic and Applied Cancer Research Studies
Guerrero, S. X., López‐Cortés, A., Indacochea, A., García-Cárdenas, J. M., Zambrano, A. K., Cabrera‐Andrade, A., Guevara‐Ramírez, P., González, D. A., Leone, P., & Paz‐y‐Miño, C. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32264-x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Racial disparities in the survival of American children, adolescents, and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and Hodgkin lymphoma
Kahn, J. M., Keegan, T. H. M., Tao, L., Abrahão, R., Bleyer, A., & Viny, A. D. (2016) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.30089 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in countries with limited resources; lessons from use of a single protocol in India over a twenty year peroid
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Will tomorrow's medicines work for everyone?
Tate, S. K., & Goldstein, D. B. (2004) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1437 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Carroll, W. L., Bhojwani, D., Min, D.-J., Raetz, E. A., Relling, M. V., Davies, S. M., Downing, J. R., Willman, C. L., & Reed, J. C. (2003) · Hematology · doi:10.1182/asheducation-2003.1.102 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Risk and Survival in Children With Neuroblastoma: A Children's Oncology Group Study
Henderson, T. O., Bhatia, R., Pinto, N. R., London, W. B., McGrady, P., Crotty, C., Sun, C., & Cohn, S. L. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2010.29.6103 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Low Socioeconomic Status Is Associated with Worse Survival in Children with Cancer: A Systematic Review
Gupta, S., Wilejto, M., Pole, J. D., Guttmann, A., & Sung, L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089482 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Ethnicity and survival in childhood acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group
Aplenc, R., Alonzo, T. A., Gerbing, R. B., Smith, F. O., Meshinchi, S., Ross, J. A., Perentesis, J. P., Woods, W. G., Lange, B. J., & Davies, S. M. (2006) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-10-4004 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Disparities in Pediatric Oncology: The 21st Century Opportunity to Improve Outcomes for Children and Adolescents With Cancer
Aristizabal, P., Winestone, L. E., Umaretiya, P. J., & Bona, K. O. (2021) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.1200/edbk_320499 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Ethnic and racial differences in patients with Ewing sarcoma
Worch, J., Matthay, K. K., Neuhaus, J. M., Goldsby, R. E., & DuBois, S. G. (2010) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.24865 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Differences in prognostic factors and outcomes in African Americans and whites with acute myeloid leukemia
Sekeres, M. A. (2004) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-09-3118 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Obesity is associated with residual leukemia following induction therapy for childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Orgel, E., Tucci, J., Alhushki, W., Malvar, J., Sposto, R., Fu, C. H., Freyer, D. R., Abdel‐Azim, H., & Mittelman, S. D. (2014) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2014-08-595389 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Ethnic, Racial, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Retinoblastoma
Truong, B. Q. Q., Green, A. L., Friedrich, P. M., Ribeiro, K. B., & Galindo, C. R. (2015) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2360 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Adverse Late Effects of Childhood Cancer and Its Treatment on Health and Performance
Ness, K. K., & Gurney, J. G. (2007) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144049 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Participation in pediatric oncology research protocols: Racial/ethnic, language and age‐based disparities
Aristizabal, P., Singer, J., Cooper, R., Wells, K. J., Nodora, J., Milburn, M., Gahagan, S., Schiff, D. E., & Martinez, M. E. (2015) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.25472 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Socioeconomic disparities in survival from childhood leukemia in the United States and globally: a meta-analysis
Petridou, E. T., Sergentanis, T. Ν., Perlepe, C., PAPATHOMA, P., Τσιλιμιδός, Γ., Kontogeorgi, E., Kourti, M., Baka, M., Moschovi, M. A., Polychronopoulou, S., et al. (2014) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu572 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Variability in Cancer Risk and Outcomes Within US Latinos by National Origin and Genetic Ancestry
Stern, M. C., Fejerman, L., Das, R., Setiawan, V. W., Cruz-Correa, M. R., Pérez‐Stable, E. J., & Figueiredo, J. C. (2016) · Current Epidemiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40471-016-0083-7 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Minority Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Comparison of Long-Term Outcomes, Health Care Utilization, and Health-Related Behaviors From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Castellino, S. M., Casillas, J., Hudson, M. M., Mertens, A. C., Whitton, J. A., Brooks, S. L., Zeltzer, L. K., Ablin, A. R., Castleberry, R. P., Hobbie, W. L., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.11.098 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citation
Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in survival among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in California, 1988-2011: A population-based observational study: Survival Disparities in Childhood Leukemia by Race
Abrahão, R., Lichtensztajn, D. Y., Ribeiro, R. C., Marina, N. M., Keogh, R. H., Marcos-Gragera, R., Glaser, S. L., & Keegan, T. H. M. (2015) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.25544 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Cytogenetics of Hispanic and White Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in California
Aldrich, M. C., Zhang, L., Wiemels, J. L., Ma, X., Loh, M. L., Metayer, C., Selvin, S., Feusner, J. H., Smith, M. T., & Buffler, P. A. (2006) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0833 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
CYP3A genotypes and treatment response in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Aplenc, R., Glatfelter, W., Han, P. P., Rappaport, E. F., La, M., Cnaan, A., Blackwood, M. A., Lange, B. J., & Rebbeck, T. R. (2003) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04430.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Late Effects in Long-Term Survivors After Treatment for Childhood Acute Leukemia
Haddy, T. B., Mosher, R. B., & Reaman, G. H. (2009) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922809332680 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Impact of race/ethnicity on molecular pathways in human cancer
Wiencke, J. K. (2004) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1257 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Children's Oncology Group's 2013 blueprint for research: Survivorship and outcomes
Armenian, S. H., Landier, W., Hudson, M. M., Robison, L. L., & Bhatia, R. (2012) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.24422 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citation
Advanced stage anaplastic large cell lymphoma in children and adolescents: Results of ANHL0131, a randomized phase III trial of APO versus a modified regimen with vinblastine: A report from the children's oncology group
Alexander, S. W., Kraveka, J. M., Weitzman, S. S., Lowe, E. J., Smith, L. M., Lynch, J. C., Chang, M. N., Kinney, M. C., Perkins, S. L., Laver, J. H., et al. (2014) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.25187 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Survival outcome in childhood ALL: Experience from a tertiary care centre in North India
Kulkarni, K. P., Marwaha, R. K., Trehan, A., & Bansal, D. (2009) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.21897 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Association of Genetic Ancestry With the Molecular Subtypes and Prognosis of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Lee, S. H. R., Antillón‐Klussmann, F., Pei, D., Yang, W., Roberts, K. G., Li, Z., Devidas, M., Yang, W., Najera, C., Lin, H. P., et al. (2022) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6826 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Racial and ethnic disparities in survival of US children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: evidence from the SEER database 1988–2008
Goggins, W. B., & Lo, F. F. K. (2012) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-012-9943-8 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Racial and ethnic disparities in childhood and young adult acute lymphocytic leukaemia: secondary analyses of eight Children's Oncology Group cohort trials
Gupta, S., Dai, Y. E., Chen, Z., Winestone, L. E., Teachey, D. T., Bona, K. O., Aplenc, R., Rabin, K. R., Zweidler‐McKay, P. A., Carroll, A. J., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Haematology · doi:10.1016/s2352-3026(22)00371-4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citation
Leukemia survival in children, adolescents, and young adults: influence of socioeconomic status and other demographic factors
Kent, E. E., Sender, L. S., Largent, J. A., & Anton‐Culver, H. (2009) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-009-9367-2 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Nanomedicine approaches in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Tatar, A.-S., Nagy-Simon, T., Tomuleasa, C., Boca, S., & Aştilean, S. (2016) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.035 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Leveraging Epidemiology and Clinical Studies of Cancer Outcomes: Recommendations and Opportunities for Translational Research
Elena, J. W., Travis, L. B., Simonds, N. I., Ambrosone, C. B., Ballard-Barbash, R. R., Bhatia, R., Cerhan, J. R., Hartge, P. A., Heist, R. S., Kushi, L. H., et al. (2012) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djs473 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of race on survival after stem cell transplantation
Mielcarek, M. B., Gooley, T. A., Martin, P. J., Chauncey, T. R., Young, B. A., Storb, R. F., & Torok‐Storb, B. (2005) · Transplantation and Cellular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2004.12.327 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Cultural Influences in Pediatric Cancer
Gray, W. N., Szulczewski, L., Regan, S. M. P., Williams, J. A., & Pai, A. L. H. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043454214529022 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Racial Differences in Four Leukemia Subtypes: Comprehensive Descriptive Epidemiology
Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., & Ma, S. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-19081-4 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Influence of race and socioeconomic status on outcome of children treated for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Bhatia, R. (2004) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00008480-200402000-00004 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Understanding disparities in leukemia: a national study
Patel, M. I., Ma, Y., Mitchell, B. S., & Rhoads, K. F. (2012) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-012-0062-3 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Assessment of enrollment characteristics for Children’s Oncology Group (COG) upfront therapeutic clinical trials 2004-2015
Faulk, K. E., Anderson‐Mellies, A., Cockburn, M., & Green, A. L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230824 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Brain structure, working memory and response inhibition in childhood leukemia survivors
van der Plas, E., Schachar, R. J., Hitzler, J., Crosbie, J., Guger, S. L., Spiegler, B. J., Ito, S., & Nieman, B. J. (2017) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.621 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…ALL incidence and survival (Abrahão et al., 2015; Goggins & Lo, 2012; Linabery, Johnson, & Ross, 2012), is likely to also impact the risk and severity of late effects (Bhatia et al., 2002; Dores, Devesa, Curtis, Linet, & Morton, 2012; Lim, Bhatia, Robison, & Yang, 2014; Yang et al., 2010).”
Background
Characterization of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Survival Patterns by Age at Diagnosis
Hossain, J., Xie, L., & McCahan, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1155/2014/865979 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Outcome of Ethnic Minorities With Acute or Chronic Leukemia Treated With Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation in the United States
Baker, K. S., Loberiza, F. R., Yu, H., Cairo, M. S., Bolwell, B. J., Bujan-Boza, W., Camitta, B. M., García, J. J., Ho, W. G., Liesveld, J. L., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.01.7269 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Survival by Race and Ethnicity in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients With Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Children’s Oncology Group Study
Kahn, J. M., Kelly, K. M., Pei, Q., Bush, R., Friedman, D. L., Keller, F. G., Bhatia, S., Henderson, T. O., Schwartz, C. L., & Castellino, S. M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.19.00812 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citation
Racial Differences in the Incidence of Mesenchymal Tumors Associated with EWSR1 Translocation
Worch, J., Cyrus, J., Goldsby, R. E., Matthay, K. K., Neuhaus, J. M., & DuBois, S. G. (2011) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-1170 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cancer‐related follow‐up care among Hispanic and non‐Hispanic childhood cancer survivors: The Project Forward study
Milam, J. E., Meeske, K., Slaughter, R. I., Sherman‐Bien, S., Ritt‐Olson, A., Kuperberg, A., Freyer, D. R., & Hamilton, A. S. (2014) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.29105 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Meaning of Surviving Cancer for Latino Adolescents and Emerging Young Adults
Jones, B. L., Volker, D. L., Vinajeras, Y., Butros, L. J., Fitchpatrick, C., & Rossetto, K. R. (2009) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0b013e3181b4ab8f · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Grounded Theory of the Process of Adherence to Oral Chemotherapy in Hispanic and Caucasian Children and Adolescents With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Landier, W., Hughes, C. B., Calvillo, E. R., Anderson, N., Briseno-Toomey, D., Dominguez, L., Martinez, A. M., Hanby, C. L., & Bhatia, S. (2011) · Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043454211409582 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
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Area deprivation is associated with poorer overall survival in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Schraw, J. M., Peckham‐Gregory, E. C., Rabin, K. R., Scheurer, M. E., Lupo, P. J., & Oluyomi, A. O. (2020) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.28525 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Understanding Medication Adherence in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Review
Pritchard, M. T., Butow, P. N., Stevens, M. M., & Duley, J. A. (2006) · Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology · doi:10.1097/01.mph.0000243666.79303.45 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Acute lymphoid and myeloid leukemia in a Brazilian Amazon population: Epidemiology and predictors of comorbidity and deaths
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Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status on Outcome in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
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Antimetabolite therapy for lesser-risk B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood: a report from Children's Oncology Group Study P9201
Chauvenet, A. R., Martin, P. L., Devidas, M., Linda, S. B., Bell, B. A., Kurtzberg, J., Pullen, J., Pettenati, M. J., Carroll, A. J., Shuster, J. J., et al. (2007) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2006-12-061689 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Next-Generation Evaluation and Treatment of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Heikamp, E., & Pui, C. (2018) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.039 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Recent advances in the treatment and understanding of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Rubnitz, J. E., & Pui, C. (2003) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0305-7372(02)00106-8 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effect of race on outcome of white and black children with acute myeloid leukemia: The St. Jude experience
Rubnitz, J. E., Lensing, S., Razzouk, B. I., Pounds, S. B., Pui, C., & Ribeiro, R. C. (2006) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.20878 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The role of acuity of illness at presentation in early mortality in black children with acute myeloid leukemia
Winestone, L. E., Getz, K., Miller, T. P., Wilkes, J. J., Sack, L., Li, Y., Huang, Y.-S. V., Seif, A. E., Bagatell, R., Fisher, B. T., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.24605 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Challenges Associated With Living Remotely From a Pediatric Cancer Center: A Qualitative Study
Walling, E., Fiala, M. A., Connolly, A., Drevenak, A., & Gehlert, S. J. (2019) · Journal of Oncology Practice · doi:10.1200/jop.18.00115 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Health disparities are important determinants of outcome for children with solid tumor malignancies
Austin, M. T., Nguyen, H., Eberth, J. M., Chang, Y.-C., Heczey, A. A., Hughes, D. P. M., Lally, K. P., & Elting, L. S. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.037 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Association of Human Development Index with rates and outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with acute leukemia
Giebel, S., Labopin, M., Ehninger, G., Beelen, D. W., Blaise, D., Ganser, A., Bacigalupo, A. P., Czerw, T., Hołowiecki, J., Fagundes, E. M., et al. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-01-266478 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Disparities in early death and survival in children, adolescents, and young adults with acute promyelocytic leukemia in California
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Effect of Race on the Outcome of Pediatric Patients With Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Metzger, M. L., Castellino, S. M., Hudson, M. M., Rai, S. N., Kaste, S. C., Krasin, M. J., Kun, L. E., Pui, C., & Howard, S. C. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2007.14.0699 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A systematic review of factors that influence treatment adherence in paediatric oncology patients
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Disparities in Neurotoxicity Risk and Outcomes among Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients
Taylor, O. A., Brown, A. L., Brackett, J., Dreyer, Z. E., Moore, I. K., Mitby, P. A., Hooke, M. C., Hockenberry, M. J., Lupo, P. J., & Scheurer, M. E. (2018) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0939 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Trends in childhood leukemia mortality in Brazil and correlation with social inequalities
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Pharmacogenetic Analysis of Pediatric Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Possible Association between Survival Rate and ITPA Polymorphism
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The association between sex and most childhood cancers is not mediated by birthweight
Williams, L. A., Richardson, M. R., Kehm, R. D., McLaughlin, C. C., Mueller, B. A., Chow, E. J., & Spector, L. G. (2018) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.canep.2018.09.002 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Clinical characteristics, response to therapy, and survival of African American patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Falchi, L., Keating, M. J., Wang, X., Coombs, C. C., Lanasa, M. C., Strom, S. S., Wierda, W. G., & Ferrajoli, A. (2013) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.28030 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Flow cytometric analysis of de novo acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood: report from the Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group
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Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Childhood Cancer Survival in the United States
Zhao, J., Han, X., Zheng, Z., Nogueira, L., Lu, A. D., Nathan, P. C., & Yabroff, K. R. (2021) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0117 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Genomic ancestry and somatic alterations correlate with age at diagnosis in Hispanic children with B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Walsh, K. M., de Smith, A. J., Welch, T. C., Smirnov, I. V., Cunningham, M. J., Ma, X., Chokkalingam, A. P., Dahl, G. V. H., Roberts, W. D., Barcellos, L. F., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.23727 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Oncolytic viral purging of leukemic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with Myxoma virus
Rahman, M. M., Madlambayan, G. J., Cogle, C. R., & McFadden, G. (2010) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.02.010 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Current Genomic and Molecular Landscape of Philadelphia-like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Shiraz, P., Payne, K. J., & Muffly, L. S. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21062193 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Frequencies of ETV6–RUNX1 fusion and hyperdiploidy in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia are lower in far east than west
Liang, D., Shih, L., Yang, C., Hung, I., Liu, H., Jaing, T., Yeh, T., Liang, S., Chang, C., Lee, E., et al. (2010) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.22628 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Role of ARID5B in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Beyond
Wang, P., Deng, Y., Yan, X., Zhu, J., Yin, Y., Shu, Y., Bai, D., Zhang, S., Xu, H., & Lu, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00598 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Is There Etiologic Heterogeneity between Subtypes of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia? A Review of Variation in Risk by Subtype
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Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Recommendations for Establishing a Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Program in Countries with Limited Resources, Part II: Clinical, Technical, and Socioeconomic Considerations
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Authors: Bhatia, S., Sather, H. N., Heerema, N. A., Trigg, M. E., Gaynon, P. S., & Robison, L. L.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
Corresponding author: Bhatia, Smita
ORCID: Bhatia, Smita
Gaynon, Paul S.
Robison, Leslie L.
Venue: Blood
Publisher: American Society of Hematology
Published: 2002-09-15
Volume: 100
Issue: 6
Pages: 1957-1964
ISSN: 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
1528-0020
DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-02-0395
OpenAlex: W1995246501
Cited by: 270
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 8.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Blood (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Cancer Institute (U10CA013539, 5U10 CA 13539-2652)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Keywords: acute lymphoblastic leukemia, racial disparities, ethnic differences, children, overall survival, event-free survival, Hispanic children, Black children, Asian children, socioeconomic status, pharmacogenetics, medication adherence
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Aberrations, Ethnicity, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Male, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Social Class, Survival Analysis, Treatment Outcome, Disease-Free Survival, Racial Groups, Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma

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Racial and ethnic differences in survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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