The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature
Abstract
To formally establish the risk of lupus anticoagulants and anticardiolipin antibodies for arterial and venous thrombosis, we ran a MEDLINE search of the literature from 1988 to 2000. Studies were selected for their case-control (11), prospective (9), cross-sectional (3), and ambispective (2) design. They provided or enabled us to calculate the odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) of lupus anticoagulants and/or anticardiolipin antibodies for thrombosis in 4184 patients and 3151 controls. Studies were grouped according to the antibody investigated. Five studies compared lupus anticoagulants with anticardiolipin antibodies: the odds ratio with 95% CI of lupus anticoagulants for thrombosis was always significant. None of them found anticardiolipin antibodies were associated with thrombosis. Four studies analyzed only lupus anticoagulants: the odds ratio with 95% CI was always significant. The risk of lupus anticoagulants was independent of the site and type of thrombosis, the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus, and the coagulation tests employed to detect them. Sixteen studies served to assess 28 associations between anticardiolipin antibodies and thrombosis: the odds ratio with 95% CI was significant in 15 cases. Anticardiolipin titer correlated with the odds ratio of thrombosis. In conclusion, the detection of lupus anticoagulants and, possibly, of immunoglobulin G (IgG) anticardiolipin antibodies at medium or high titers helps to identify patients at risk for thrombosis. However, to take full advantage of the conclusions provided by the available evidence, there is an urgent need to harmonize investigational methods.
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In the citing paper
“These results confirm and validate several previous reports that have implicated these antibodies in the pathogenesis of APS [9, 10, 12, 13, 29, 30], but they also add to the growing body of evidence that shows inconsistent associations between aPL-associated autoantibodies and anamnestic thrombotic risk [3, 16].”
From Cardiovascular risk factors are major determinants of thrombotic risk in patients with the lupus anticoagulant (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“It is now clear that LA positivity is associated with TEs.22”
From Incidence of a first thromboembolic event in asymptomatic carriers of high-risk antiphospholipid antibody profile: a multicenter prospective study (2011) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“It is well known that LA positivity is more strongly associated with both arterial and venous thrombosis than either aCL or anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies [8, 9].”
From Antiphospholipid patterns predict risk of thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Large studies found that IgM aCL and IgM anti-β2-glycoprotein I are not associated with thrombotic events [9–13].”
From Antiphospholipid patterns predict risk of thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, in a systematic review, aCL IgM was not predictive for thrombosis [9].”
From Antiphospholipid patterns predict risk of thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“In most studies, it has been shown that in SLE, LA is the main predictor of thrombosis [9, 27–29].”
From Antiphospholipid patterns predict risk of thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Patients with persistent aPL with or without APS are at increased risk of future thrombotic events, LA positivity having the strongest association with these events.3”
From Lupus anticoagulant test persistence over time and its associations with future thrombotic events (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Patients with persistent aPL with or without APS are at increased risk of future thrombotic events, LA positivity having the strongest association with these events.3”
From Lupus anticoagulant test persistence over time and its associations with future thrombotic events (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Additional antibodies, most notably anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and anti–glycoprotein-I antibodies (aβ2GPI), were later identified and associated with thrombosis and recurrent spontaneous abortions.2-4”
From Lupus anticoagulant test persistence over time and its associations with future thrombotic events (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Notably, most prior efforts to risk-stratify patients for future thrombotic events have used the patients’ aPL status from the first measurement or early in the observation period and have not analyzed changes over time.3,7,8”
From Lupus anticoagulant test persistence over time and its associations with future thrombotic events (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“This contention is supported by meta-analyses showing that the presence of aCL and ab2GPI alone are poorly associated with thromboembolic events [6,7].”
From Clinical course of high‐risk patients diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome (2010) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Although a positive LAC is considered to be a strong risk factor for thrombosis in APS, 10,11”
From Clinical Relevance of Isolated Lupus Anticoagulant Positivity in Patients with Thrombotic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
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Diagnosis and management of antiphospholipid syndrome
Ahn, Y., Hawkins, C. A., Pearson, E., & Kubler, P. A. (2024) · Australian Prescriber · doi:10.18773/austprescr.2024.055 · Cited by 3
“19,20 IgG = immunoglobulin G; IgM = immunoglobulin M”
Definition and Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Ünlü, O., Domingues, V., de Jesús, G. R., Zuily, S., Espinosa, G., Cervera, R., Levy, R. A., Wahl, D. G., Erkan, D., & Lockshin, M. D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55442-6_7 · Cited by 4
Liu, C., Schofield, T., Tang, A., Manzi, S., & Ahearn, J. M. (2017) · Antibodies · doi:10.3390/antib6030009 · Cited by 3
Antiphospholipid Syndrome Complicating Pneumococcal Meningitis
Mekala, S., Kumar, C. G. D., & Gulati, R. (2018) · Indian Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s13312-018-1289-1 · Cited by 3
“APS can involve any part of vasculature and the presence of lupus anticoagulant is strongly associated with thrombotic manifestations as compared to other antibodies [5].”
BackgroundBiochemistry, Lupus Anticoagulant
Rasool, Z. S., & Tiwari, V. (2019) · StatPearls · Cited by 6
Choi, M. Y., Butler, E., Clarke, A. E., Girard, L., Gibson, P., & Skeith, L. (2019) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2019.1699057 · Cited by 3
“A positive LAC is the strongest risk factor for first-time thrombosis in patients with SLE, while medium to high titers of aCL IgG have been shown to be an independent risk factor for an initial thrombotic event in aPL-positive patients [48].”
BackgroundLupus Anticoagulants: Mechanistic and Diagnostic Considerations
Arnout, J., & Vermylen, J. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-84628-009-5_24 · Cited by 3
“According to a recent systematic review of the literature however, the risk of thrombosis at present appears to be independent of the laboratory tests used to identify LA [44].”
BackgroundChapter 17 Stroke among women, ethnic groups, young adults, and children
Sturm, J. W., Mackay, M. T., & Thrift, A. G. (2008) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/s0072-9752(08)01917-9 · Cited by 3
Quel bilan de thrombophilie chez un patient atteint de maladie veineuse thromboembolique ?
Roux, A., Sanchez, O., & Meyer, G. (2008) · Réanimation · doi:10.1016/j.reaurg.2008.03.011 · Cited by 3
Postpartum spontaneous colonic perforation due to antiphospholipid syndrome
Ahmed, K. A., Darakhshan, A., Au, E., et al. (2009) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.15.502 · Cited by 3
Steiner, S., Sadushi, R., Bartok, A., et al. (2008) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2008.08.007 · Cited by 3
“In our study we observed no influence of elevated IgM-ACA on PND, which is in line with previous data for the risk of arterial thrombosis [30].”
ResultGenetic Mutation in Thrombophilic Egyptian Patients
Hasan, N. S., ., H. G. E. D., ., M. A. E. K. A., et al. (2006) · Journal of Medical Sciences(Faisalabad) · doi:10.3923/jms.2006.591.596 · Cited by 3
Lakos, G. (2013) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.21117 · Cited by 3
“LAC has sometimes been referred to as the strongest risk factor for thrombosis [Galli et al., 2003].”
BackgroundTabata, R., Tabata, C., & Kita, Y. (2012) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-012-0763-1 · Cited by 3
Extensive Aortic Thromboembolism Due to Acquired Hypercoagulable State: An Autopsy Case Report
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Clinical Management of Antiphospholipid Syndrome-Related Thrombosis
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Erkan, D., Salmon, J. E., & Lockshin, M. D. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-31696-5.00082-6 · Cited by 3
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome-Diagnostic Issues of Lupus Anticoagulants
Tyagi, S., & Ahuja, A. (2016) · Journal of Hematology & Thromboembolic Diseases · doi:10.4172/2329-8790.1000253 · Cited by 3
“[6,7] in which it was seen that interpretation for LA as ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ for the dRVVT ratios is fairly consistent between laboratories with mostly having similar cut off of 1.”
BackgroundResultRand, J. H., & Wolgast, L. R. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-2296-9.00020-8 · Cited by 3
Zahid, H., Hassan, S., Gul, S., et al. (2018) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.3438 · Cited by 3
Tkachenko, O. Y., Lapin, S. V., Маzing, A. V., Emanuel, V. L., Belolipetskaia, E., Беляева, И. Б., Myachikova, V. Y., Maslyanskiy, А. L., Gilburd, B., Schierack, P., et al. (2020) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203320909952 · Cited by 3
Avčin, T., & O’Neil, K. M. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6581-4.10022-6 · Cited by 3
Coagulation Abnormalities in Stroke
Coull, B. M., & Drake, K. W. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10041-7 · Cited by 5
Late puerperal thrombohemorrhagic complications in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome
Bladt, V., Stengaard‐Pedersen, K., Poulsen, L. H., et al. (2004) · European Journal Of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2004.00319.x · Cited by 3
Devreese, K. M. J. (2006) · Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis · doi:10.1097/01.mbc.0000252600.09777.2b · Cited by 3
Thrombotic Disorders in the Newborn
Knopoff, K., Ostilla, L. A., Morocco, P. C., et al. (2024) · NeoReviews · doi:10.1542/neo.25-11-e710 · Cited by 2
Kwon, O. C., Ha, J. W., Park, M., Park, Y., & Lee, S. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia · doi:10.1186/s42358-025-00476-1 · Cited by 3
“Studies have reported that the odds ratio for thrombosis is highest with LA, followed by anti-β2GPI and aCL [15, 16].”
Simultaneous Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in a Single Patient
Abd-Elsayed, A. A., Lisco, S. J., Alsidawi, S., et al. (2014) · A & A Case Reports · doi:10.1097/acc.0b013e3182a1afc9 · Cited by 2
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Yelnik, C., Appenzeller, S., Sanna, G., Kozora, E., & Bertolaccini, M. L. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55442-6_10 · Cited by 3
Ryżewska, W., Zarzycka, M., Witkowski, M., et al. (2021) · Oncoreview · doi:10.24292/01.or.124301021 · Cited by 2
“Among aPL, lupus anticoagulant, detected in above-mentioned patient, is the strongest risk factor for developing thrombosis [10].”
BackgroundBradáčová, P., Slavík, L., Úlehlová, J., Kriegová, E., Jará, E., Bultasová, L., Friedecký, D., Ullrychová, J., Procházková, J., Hluší, A., et al. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11123329 · Cited by 2
“…lupus anticoagulant titre, we do not take into account other factors that can affect thrombogenicity, particularly the recurrence of thrombotic complications, but also the occurrence in unusual locations, as well as the difference in manifestation between venous and arterial thromboembolism [53].”
BackgroundThrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome: Recurrent thromboses
Reshetnyak, T. M., Cheldieva, F. A., Glukhova, S. I., Nurbaeva, K. S., Seredavkina, N. V., Cherkasova, M. V., Lila, A. M., & Nasonov, E. L. (2024) · Rheumatology Science and Practice · doi:10.47360/1995-4484-2024-408-417 · Cited by 2
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Reshetnyak, T. M., Cheldieva, F. A., Glukhova, S. I., Nurbaeva, K. S., Seredavkina, N. V., Cherkasova, M. V., Lila, A. M., & Nasonov, E. L. (2025) · Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1134/s1607672925700152 · Cited by 2
Natural Proteins Involved in Antiphospholipid Syndrome
de Groot, P. G., de Laat, B., Rand, J. H., Vlachoyiannopoulos, P. G., El‐Assaad, F., Krilis, S. A., & Giannakopoulos, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55442-6_2 · Cited by 2
“Specific ELISAs for quantifying these parameters may enhance our diagnostic and prognostic capabilities.”
BackgroundMolecular Basis of Lipoprotein Disorders, Atherogenesis, and Thrombosis
Marı́n-Garcı́a, J. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373698-7/50008-5 · Cited by 2
Pregnancy and Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Milan, K. E., & Branch, D. W. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374994-9.10054-3 · Cited by 2
Chapter 3 Laboratory Heterogeneity of Antiphospholipid Antibodies
Pierangeli, S. S., & Rand, J. H. (2009) · Technical report · doi:10.1016/s1571-5078(08)00403-0 · Cited by 2
Aetiology of Venous Thrombosis
Mehrez, M. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/26775 · Cited by 2
“The prevalence of LA was reported to be up to 20% of VTE cases, with up to 10-fold increased risk of developing VTE (Ghosh et al., 2001; Galli et al., 2002; Ehsan & Plumbley, 2002; Jadaon & Dashti, 2005b; Farmer-Boatwright & Roubey, 2009; Anderson & Weitz, 2010).”
Die Bedeutung thrombophiler Risikofaktoren bei Patienten mit arteriellen Thrombosen
Zotz, R. B. (2008) · Hämostaseologie · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1617169 · Cited by 2
“In einer Metaanalyse konnte ein elffach erhöhtes Thromboserisiko für Patienten mit positivem Lupusantikoagulans und ein 1,6fach erhöhtes Risiko für Patienten mit Anti cardiolipin-Antikörper nachgewiesen werden (21).”
BackgroundVogrinc, Ž., Trbojević-Čepe, M., Herak, D. C., et al. (2005) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2005.002 · Cited by 2
“A number of studies have provided evidence that the persistent finding of apoH-dependent APA, which also express high LA activity, is a real risk factor for thrombosis (21, 22).”
BackgroundRisk for thrombosis linked to the target antigen of a lupus anticoagulant?
Arnout, J. (2004) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00752.x · Cited by 2
Usefulness of Silica Clotting Time for Detection of Lupus Anticoagulants
Lee, H. R., Kim, J.-E., Ha, S.-H., Kim, H. K., Park, S., & Cho, H.-I. (2009) · Annals of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.3343/kjlm.2009.29.6.497 · Cited by 2
“이러한 항인지질항체의 임상적 유용성은 혈전증을 잘 예측 하는데 있는데, 일반적으로 루푸스항응고인자가 항인지질항체 증후군에서의 혈전증에 대한 위험도를 잘 예측하는 것으로 보 고되고 있으며[5, 6], anti-CL은 루푸스항응고인자에 비해 혈 전증과의 연관성은 낮은 것으로 알려져 있다[6].”
Aspirin in asymptomatic patients with a confirmed positivity of antiphospholipid antibodies
Basili, S., & Violi, F. (2008) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-008-0193-4 · Cited by 2
“Last but not least, we must consider the results obtained in a meta-analysis of primarily case-control studies showing that aPL are mainly associated with venous thrombosis [ 3 ]; for this condition no recommendation exists for thromboprophylaxis with aspirin for any patient group [17].”
ResultMonitoring heparin in patients with a lupus anticoagulant: detection of heparin resistance
TRENFIELD, S., Parmar, K., & Hunt, B. J. (2008) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03151.x · Cited by 2
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Burlá, M., Braga, A., Coulamy, L. B., de Oliveira, T. S., da Silva, E. P., & Vasques, F. P. (2015) · Revista Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto · doi:10.12957/rhupe.2015.18351 · Cited by 2
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“ultimi anni sono state ridimensionate le associazioni delle singole positività degli aPL con le manifestazioni cliniche della APS, in particolare, per il rischio trombotico [39].”
BackgroundAntiphospholipid syndrome and pregnancy
Murashima, A. (2016) · Japanese Journal of Thrombosis and Hemostasis · doi:10.2491/jjsth.27.659 · Cited by 2
Autoimmunity, Estrogen, and Lupus
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Perioperative Management of Antiphospholipid Antibody Positive Patients During Noncardiac Surgeries
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“• A positive LA test is a better predictor of aPLrelated events compared with other aPL tests [7]; priority paper evaluation”
BackgroundPark, J., & Hoang, M. P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35820-4_8 · Cited by 1
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Barcellona, D., Mameli, A., Montisci, R., et al. (2025) · Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis · doi:10.1055/a-2657-6291 · Cited by 1
Abbas, K., Naqvi, R., Musharraf, W., Mubarak, M., & Langhani, J. L. (2025) · World Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.110882 · Cited by 1
Alijotas‐Reig, J., Esteve‐Valverde, E., Comet, L. S., Anunciación-Llunell, A., Ferrer‐Oliveras, R., Lefkou, E. E., MEKINIAN, A., Belizna, C. C., Hoxha, A., Tincani, A., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.115055 · Cited by 3
The role of different aPL subpopulations in the lupus anticoagulant phenomenon
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Borghi, M. O., Raschi, E., Bodio, C., Via, A. D., & Devreese, K. M. J. (2026) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2026.102805 · Cited by 1
What are the Target Cells and Receptors that are Recognized by Antiphospholipid Antibodies?
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Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Changing Knowledge During the Time – The ”Four P” Pattern
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“Although sensitive and quantitative ELISA-based methods were developed to detect antiphospholipid antibodies, LA detected by coagulometric tests has been shown to be more associated with thrombosis (Galli et al., 2003).”
MethodAntiphospholipid Syndrome, Microalbuminuria, and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism
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A PATIENT WITH HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME AND SEVERE MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY
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Syndrome des antiphospholipides
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“A systemic review data suggests that Lupus anticoagulant significantly increases the risk of thrombosis [3].”
BackgroundAtteinte cardiaque au cours du syndrome des antiphospholipides
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Diagnosing Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: A Review of the Criterion for Definite APS
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OBSTETRIC ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME - A REVIEW
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Laboratory Criteria of Antiphospholipid Syndrome Need to be Updated or Strictly Followed
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Antibodies and Diagnostic Tests in Antiphospholipid Syndrome
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Effects of Malaria, HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy on Some Coagulation Profiles
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“For instance, a relatively low prevalence of ACA in our study might partly be attributed to selecting 40 GPL/MPL over the 99th percentile (about 18 GPL/MPL) as the cut-off value.”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysiopathologie du syndrome des antiphospholipides et aspects thérapeutiques
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Antiphospholipid Syndrome Antibodies — Snippets from the Laboratory
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“Эти изменения приводят к снижению белково-синтезирующей и гормональной функции плаценты [8,24,37].”
Primary Prophylaxis in Patients With Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies
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The scoring system for the risk-stratification in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome
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Task Force Report on the Management of Thrombosis in Antiphospholipid Syndrome
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Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: a narrative review
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The antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical characteristics, laboratory features and pathogenesis
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Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
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“How we treat” clinical dilemmas in antiphospholipid syndrome: A case-based approach
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History and Physical Examination in Pulmonary Embolism
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Metadata
- Authors
- Galli, M., Luciani, D., Bertolini, G., & Barbui, T.
- Affiliations
- From the Division of Hematology, Ospedali Riuniti, Bergamo, Italy; and Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute, Ranica (Bergamo), Italy.
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 2003-03-01
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1827-1832
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- OpenAlex
- W2044043417
- Cited by
- 972
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 8.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis
- Keywords
- lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, antiphospholipid syndrome, thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, venous thrombosis, thrombosis risk factors, systemic lupus erythematosus, antibody titers
- MeSH terms
- Arterial Occlusive Diseases, Autoantigens, Autoimmune Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Glycoproteins, Humans, Myocardial Infarction, Prospective Studies, Prothrombin, Research Design, Risk Factors, Thrombosis, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor, Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Antibodies, Anticardiolipin, Thrombophilia, Venous Thrombosis, Stroke, beta 2-Glycoprotein I
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