The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature
Abstract
To formally establish the risk of lupus anticoagulants and anticardiolipin antibodies for arterial and venous thrombosis, we ran a MEDLINE search of the literature from 1988 to 2000. Studies were selected for their case-control (11), prospective (9), cross-sectional (3), and ambispective (2) design. They provided or enabled us to calculate the odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) of lupus anticoagulants and/or anticardiolipin antibodies for thrombosis in 4184 patients and 3151 controls. Studies were grouped according to the antibody investigated. Five studies compared lupus anticoagulants with anticardiolipin antibodies: the odds ratio with 95% CI of lupus anticoagulants for thrombosis was always significant. None of them found anticardiolipin antibodies were associated with thrombosis. Four studies analyzed only lupus anticoagulants: the odds ratio with 95% CI was always significant. The risk of lupus anticoagulants was independent of the site and type of thrombosis, the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus, and the coagulation tests employed to detect them. Sixteen studies served to assess 28 associations between anticardiolipin antibodies and thrombosis: the odds ratio with 95% CI was significant in 15 cases. Anticardiolipin titer correlated with the odds ratio of thrombosis. In conclusion, the detection of lupus anticoagulants and, possibly, of immunoglobulin G (IgG) anticardiolipin antibodies at medium or high titers helps to identify patients at risk for thrombosis. However, to take full advantage of the conclusions provided by the available evidence, there is an urgent need to harmonize investigational methods.
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In the citing paper
“These results confirm and validate several previous reports that have implicated these antibodies in the pathogenesis of APS [9, 10, 12, 13, 29, 30], but they also add to the growing body of evidence that shows inconsistent associations between aPL-associated autoantibodies and anamnestic thrombotic risk [3, 16].”
From Cardiovascular risk factors are major determinants of thrombotic risk in patients with the lupus anticoagulant (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“It is now clear that LA positivity is associated with TEs.22”
From Incidence of a first thromboembolic event in asymptomatic carriers of high-risk antiphospholipid antibody profile: a multicenter prospective study (2011) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“It is well known that LA positivity is more strongly associated with both arterial and venous thrombosis than either aCL or anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies [8, 9].”
From Antiphospholipid patterns predict risk of thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Large studies found that IgM aCL and IgM anti-β2-glycoprotein I are not associated with thrombotic events [9–13].”
From Antiphospholipid patterns predict risk of thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, in a systematic review, aCL IgM was not predictive for thrombosis [9].”
From Antiphospholipid patterns predict risk of thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“In most studies, it has been shown that in SLE, LA is the main predictor of thrombosis [9, 27–29].”
From Antiphospholipid patterns predict risk of thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Patients with persistent aPL with or without APS are at increased risk of future thrombotic events, LA positivity having the strongest association with these events.3”
From Lupus anticoagulant test persistence over time and its associations with future thrombotic events (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Patients with persistent aPL with or without APS are at increased risk of future thrombotic events, LA positivity having the strongest association with these events.3”
From Lupus anticoagulant test persistence over time and its associations with future thrombotic events (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Additional antibodies, most notably anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and anti–glycoprotein-I antibodies (aβ2GPI), were later identified and associated with thrombosis and recurrent spontaneous abortions.2-4”
From Lupus anticoagulant test persistence over time and its associations with future thrombotic events (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Notably, most prior efforts to risk-stratify patients for future thrombotic events have used the patients’ aPL status from the first measurement or early in the observation period and have not analyzed changes over time.3,7,8”
From Lupus anticoagulant test persistence over time and its associations with future thrombotic events (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“This contention is supported by meta-analyses showing that the presence of aCL and ab2GPI alone are poorly associated with thromboembolic events [6,7].”
From Clinical course of high‐risk patients diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome (2010) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Although a positive LAC is considered to be a strong risk factor for thrombosis in APS, 10,11”
From Clinical Relevance of Isolated Lupus Anticoagulant Positivity in Patients with Thrombotic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
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Items 601–700 of 966
Hematologic Diseases: From Within the Heart
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“Lupus anticoagulant (LAC) is recognized for its ability to bind to phospholipids, thereby emerging as a significant autoantibody linked to an elevated risk of stroke (Table 2) [114,115].”
BackgroundCabrera-Marante, Ó., Pleguezuelo, D. E., Garcinuño, S., Naranjo, L., Díaz‐Simón, R., Gil‐Etayo, F. J., Zafra, D., Lozano-Morillo, F., Morillas, L., Abad, M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1636171 · Cited by 7
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“Among the 3 aPL populations outlined in the classi fi cation criteria for APS, LA exhibits a strong correlation with the occurrence of thrombosis [7 – 9], while the presence of aCL and a β 2GPI alone demonstrates a weaker association with thrombosis [9 – 11].”
BackgroundThe importance of measuring anticardiolipin antibodies
de Groot, P. G., & Derksen, R. H. W. M. (2005) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01689.x · Cited by 6
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“Against this background, some pointers to diagnostic precision have been identified [29,30].”
BackgroundKiran, G., Shashivardhan, J., & Chandrasekhar, P. (2020) · Journal of Cardiovascular Echography · doi:10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_52_20 · Cited by 6
“[6] Although there are no data specific to LV thrombus, available literature suggests that the presence of high levels of LA and aCL was significantly associated with arterial[7] and intracardiac thrombosis.[8] A 5-year prospective study also showed that the median time to a recurrent thrombotic event is shorter in pa…”
BackgroundJames, L. M., Johnson, R., Lewis, S. M., Carpenter, A., Engdahl, B. E., Krug, H. E., & Georgopoulos, A. P. (2021) · Journal of Immunological Sciences · doi:10.29245/2578-3009/2021/1.1208 · Cited by 6
“Of the antiphospholipid antibodies, LA is the strongest risk factor for prothrombotic events 18 and has been associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction 19 .”
Forecasting the Future of Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Prospects and Challenges.
Taylor, A., Kumar, S., & Pozzi, N. (2023) · PubMed Central · Cited by 6
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Antiphospholipid and anti‐PF4 antibodies: an association affecting anti‐PF4/heparin assay analysis
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Essential Thrombocytosis and Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Causing Chronic Budd-Chiari Syndrome
Yadav, D. K., Chandra, J., Sharma, S., et al. (2011) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-011-0550-6 · Cited by 6
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Merrill, J. T. (2004) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-004-0027-y · Cited by 6
“Of the best established tests, functional assays for lupus anticoagulants (LA) appear to have the strongest association with thrombotic risk [ 18 ].”
BackgroundMusuraca, G., Imperadore, F., Terraneo, C., et al. (2004) · Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis · doi:10.1097/00001721-200401000-00015 · Cited by 6
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Pathirana, U. G., Gunawardena, N., Abeysinghe, H., et al. (2014) · Journal of Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1186/1752-1947-8-469 · Cited by 6
“Paradoxically, the antiphospholipid syndrome is usually associated with a tendency to thrombosis rather than bleeding; the prolonged aPTT is an artefact of the antiphospholipid phenomenon [6] and this diagnosis was excluded by dint of negative lupus anticoagulant screening.”
Natural anticoagulants and thrombophilia
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“Young patients (ages 15 to 44 years) who have a cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attacks are frequently found positive for LA or aPL antibodies [ 32 ].”
BackgroundTransient presence of lupus anticoagulant associated with mycoplasma pneumonia
Kwok, W. C., Wan, Y. S., & Chuen, W. P. (2016) · Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals · doi:10.1177/0218492315625158 · Cited by 6
“According to a systemic review, lupus anticoagulant is a stronger risk factor for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in antiphospholipid syndrome.(7) The presence of lupus anticoagulant in a young female would usually lead to extensive investigations for underlying antiphospholipid syndrome and associated thro…”
BackgroundImmunotherapeutic strategies in antiphospholipid syndrome
Hoi, A. Y.-B., Ross, L., Day, J., & Buchanan, R. R. C. (2016) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.13245 · Cited by 7
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“Antiphospholipid antibodies can be detected by standard serologic tests for syphilis, the solid-phase aCL test, and the LA test [ 9 ].”
BackgroundSuccessful intra-arterial thrombolysis beyond the accepted 6-hour time window in two young patients
Coster, S., van Dijk, L. C., Treurniet, F. E. E., et al. (2009) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.10.003 · Cited by 6
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Pseudo-Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
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Should our approach to the anticardiolipin assay change 20 years after its discovery?
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Lupus anticoagulant test persistence over time and its associations with future thrombotic events
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Gavris, C. M., Nedelcu, L. D., & Pascu, A. M. (2021) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2021.9718 · Cited by 5
Viewpoint: Lupus anticoagulant detection and interpretation in antiphospholipid syndrome
Efthymiou, M., Bertolaccini, M. L., & Cohen, H. (2024) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kead623 · Cited by 5
Sciascia, S., Radin, M., Cecchi, I., Rubini, E., Foddai, S. G., Barinotti, A., Vaccarino, A., Rossi, D., & Roccatello, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.621590 · Cited by 5
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“It is widely known that LA is the aPL associated with the highest risk of thrombosis in APS patients [8, 9].”
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“On the other hand, antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with vessel thromboses of all sizes [5, 6] thus, a thrombotic microvasculopathy at the terminal arteries of bone supports the critical role of these antibodies in the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis [5].”
BackgroundTransient Global Amnesia as the First Symptom of Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Case Report
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“After 30 years of intensive clinical and basic research, it is now well documented that LA is the strongest predictor of thrombosis [12-14].”
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Plasma Antiphospholipid Antibodies Effects on Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Assays
Yao, K., Zhang, L., Zhou, H., Tang, N., & Li, D. (2017) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2017.03.031 · Cited by 5
“The aPLs mainly include lupus anticoagulants (LAs), anticardiolipin antibodies (aCLs) and anti-β2glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) antibodies.(5) The presence of aPLs is a characteristic feature of antiphospholipid syndrome and is involved in the development of arterial and venous thrombosis, infertility, recurrent miscarri…”
BackgroundLupus Anticoagulants, Antiphospholipid Antibodies, and Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Nichols, W. L., Kottke‐Marchant, K., Ledford-Kraemer, M., Homburger, H. A., & Cardel, L. K. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444398595.ch39 · Cited by 6
Diagnostic biologique du syndrome des antiphospholipides
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Self-citationDetection of direct oral anticoagulants with the diluted Russel's viper venom time
Klöter, T., Metze, M., Kunze, R., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Laboratory Hematology · doi:10.1111/ijlh.14300 · Cited by 4
“8 DRVVT has been developed to detect lupus anticoagulant (LA) as prothrombotic risk factor, 9 and is established in clinical routine.”
Syndrome des antiphospholipides et grossesse
Arnaud, L., Mathian, A., Huong, D. U. L. T., Costedoat-Chalumeau, N., & Amoura, Z. (2011) · La Revue de Médecine Interne · doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2011.02.012 · Cited by 4
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“36 LAC has been reported to be associated with pre-eclampsia (OR has been reported.”
Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients With Lupus Anticoagulant Prozone Effect
Murphy, C., Jin, J., & Zehnder, J. L. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqz151 · Cited by 4
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“Lupus anticoagulant (LA) is a predictor for thrombosis risk [15].”
BackgroundUnresolved issues in the diagnosis and management of thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome
Arachchillage, D. J., & Laffan, M. (2025) · Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1016/j.rpth.2025.102724 · Cited by 8
“A second unresolved question is why anti-D1 antibodies, for which there is a good pathophysiological model, remain a weaker predictor of thrombosis than the LA, which has no clear pathophysiological model [20,21].”
Screening for lupus anticoagulant: improving the performance of the lupus-sensitive PTT-LA
Luginbühl, R., Barizzi, G., Sulzer, I., Lämmle, B., & Alberio, L. (2010) · International Journal of Laboratory Hematology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-553x.2010.01262.x · Cited by 4
“Lupus anticoagulants (LA) are immunoglobulins, generally directed against b2-glycoprotein (GP) I or prothrombin, which strongly associate with the risk of thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (Galli et al., 2003).”
BackgroundGalli, M. (2011) · Hämostaseologie · doi:10.5482/ha-1165 · Cited by 4
Self-citationAntiphospholipid syndrome in miscarriage
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Pathophysiological insights into the antiphospholipid syndrome
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“Two older reviews of the available clinical studies from 2003 come to similar conclusions (44, 45).”
BackgroundRomânia, S. D. N. D. (2007) · Cited by 4
Les, Í., Parraza, N., Anaut, P., Eguiluz, S., Sánchez, C., Preciado, M. E., Loza, J. Á., & Andía, A. (2017) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-017-3878-z · Cited by 4
“According to model 1, the only predictor with a (titredependent) trend towards increasing the thrombotic risk was LA, traditionally considered the most powerful immunological marker of potential complications in antiphospholipid syndrome [32].”
A retrospective review of antiphospholipid syndrome from a South Asian country
Mushtaq, M. Z., Ali, S. A., Sattar, Z., Mahmood, S. B. Z., Amber, T., & Riaz, M. (2021) · Archives of Rheumatology · doi:10.46497/archrheumatol.2022.8979 · Cited by 5
Watanabe, Y., & Kaneda, T. (2022) · Case Reports in Anesthesiology · doi:10.1155/2022/6310630 · Cited by 4
“Although our patient did not have multiple aPL positivity which represents high-risk aPL profile [5], given that LA positivity is a stronger risk factor for thrombosis than positivity for other aPLs [10, 11], we prioritized optimal analgesia with epidural catheter placement to facilitate early mobilization.”
BackgroundExpression of tissue factor mRNA in thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome
Mazetto, B. D. M., Lazarini, M., Tobaldini, L. Q., Arantes, F. T., dos Santos, A. P. R., Jacintho, B. C., Vaz, C. D. O., Mesquita, G. L. T. V., Saraiva, S. D. S., Annichino‐Bizzacchi, J. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-020-02209-1 · Cited by 4
Александрова, Е. Н., Novikov, A. A., & Nasonov, E. L. (2013) · Rheumatology Science and Practice · doi:10.14412/1995-4484-2013-1246 · Cited by 4
Jeune, S. L., Pistorius, M.-A., Planchon, B., & Pottier, P. (2008) · La Revue de Médecine Interne · doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2008.01.023 · Cited by 4
Devreese, K. M. J. (2008) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2008.01.002 · Cited by 4
Indeterminate lupus anticoagulant results: Prevalence and clinical significance
Alkayed, K. J., & Kottke‐Marchant, K. (2011) · The Korean Journal of Hematology · doi:10.5045/kjh.2011.46.4.239 · Cited by 4
“Multiple aPL antibodies have been identified since then; however, LAC is probably the strongest risk factor for thrombosis [4].”
BackgroundDetection of anticardiolipin antibody IgG by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay
Ye, Y., Hu, Z., Liu, J., et al. (2012) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-012-2020-6 · Cited by 4
Identification of anti-moesin antibodies in the serums of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome
Lin, X., Liang, Q., Lin, L., Ding, Q.-L., Wang, X., & Wang, Y. (2015) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2015.02.018 · Cited by 4
“Among aPL, LA positivity was recognized as the strongest risk factor for thromboembolic events or pregnancy morbidity [22].”
Management of Thrombosis in Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Khamashta, M. A., & Ruiz‐Irastorza, G. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-84628-009-5_43 · Cited by 4
Treatment of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
Mehdi, A. A., Uthman, I. W., & Khamashta, M. A. (2010) · International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.2217/ijr.10.8 · Cited by 4
Prolonged aPTT after kidney transplantation due to transient lupus anticoagulants
Nybo, M., Dieperink, H. H., & Kristensen, S. R. (2005) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfk017 · Cited by 4
“In contrast, LA tests are better risk markers for thrombophilia than ACAs and b2GPI antibodies in the case of persistent LAs [11], but not regarding transient LAs as in the present study.”
ResultThe laboratory diagnosis of lupus anticoagulant in patients on oral anticoagulation
ABOUD, M. R., Roddie, C., Wård, C., & Coyle, L. A. (2006) · Clinical & Laboratory Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00753.x · Cited by 4
“The laboratory demonstration of LA is considered to have a stronger link to thrombotic events than ACA (Gali et al., 2003), so this ideally requires a sensitive and specific test system to detect its presence.”
BackgroundThrombotic microangiopathy in lupus nephritis patients
Maghraby, A. A. E., Kotb, H., Mokbel, A. N., et al. (2016) · Kasr Al Ainy Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/1687-4625.182553 · Cited by 4
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and the Vasculitides
Lehrmann, J. F., & Sercombe, C. T. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-05472-0.00116-x · Cited by 4
Coagulation Abnormalities in Stroke
Brey, R. L., & Coull, B. M. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-44-306600-0/50040-7 · Cited by 4
Caraiola, S., Jurcuț, C., Dima, A., et al. (2018) · Revista română de medicină de laborator · doi:10.2478/rrlm-2018-0009 · Cited by 4
“The presence of IgG aCL in medium and high titer might also increases the risk of thrombosis [14].”
BackgroundThe Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Patient Management
Rand, J. H., Levin, M. B., & Alving, B. M. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-141602401-9.10019-7 · Cited by 4
Erkan, D., & Lockshin, M. D. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-04404-2.10061-2 · Cited by 4
Köse, R., Vega, J., Burgos, C., & Erkan, D. (2025) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2025.152768 · Cited by 3
Alijotas‐Reig, J., Miró‐Mur, F., Hoxha, A., Khamashta, M. A., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2025) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2025-006014 · Cited by 4
Alijotas‐Reig, J., Marques-Soares, J. R., Esteve‐Valverde, E., Anunciación-Llunell, A., Andrada, C., Očková, M., Hoxha, A., Khamashta, M. A., Shoenfeld, Y., & Miró‐Mur, F. (2025) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103956 · Cited by 3
Thrombosis risk in purely obstetric APS
Simioni, P. (2012) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2012-01-398735 · Cited by 3
Avaliação da pesquisa de anticorpos antifosfolipídios para o diagnóstico da síndrome antifosfolípide
Perches, P. G., Domingues, D. P., Gomes, A. L., et al. (2009) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia · doi:10.1590/s0482-50042009000300005 · Cited by 3
A 75‐year‐old woman with primary antiphospholipid syndrome presenting with livedoid vasculopathy
He, H., & Wu, N. (2020) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/dth.13480 · Cited by 3
“And no definitive association is found between specific clinical manifestations and particular aPLs subsets.(29) Thus, multiple aPLs tests”
BackgroundPaciente joven con accidente cerebrovascular isquémico: ¿Se debe buscar una trombofilia?
Burbano, J. D. O., Albán, D. C. U., & Bastidas, T. Ó. Z. (2022) · Revista Médica de Risaralda · doi:10.22517/25395203.24715 · Cited by 3
Choice of anticoagulation in patients with low risk antiphospholipid syndrome
Bakow, B. R., Phung, Q. H., Rabinovich, D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-023-02826-6 · Cited by 3
Viewpoint: Provoked thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome
Wahl, D. G., & Pengo, V. (2024) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kead675 · Cited by 3
Antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome
Hansen, R. S., Larsen, J. B., Vinholt, P. J., Voss, A., & Abildgaard, A. M. (2024) · Ugeskrift for Læger · doi:10.61409/v11230715 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Galli, M., Luciani, D., Bertolini, G., & Barbui, T.
- Affiliations
- From the Division of Hematology, Ospedali Riuniti, Bergamo, Italy; and Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute, Ranica (Bergamo), Italy.
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 2003-03-01
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1827-1832
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- OpenAlex
- W2044043417
- Cited by
- 972
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 8.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis
- Keywords
- lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, antiphospholipid syndrome, thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, venous thrombosis, thrombosis risk factors, systemic lupus erythematosus, antibody titers
- MeSH terms
- Arterial Occlusive Diseases, Autoantigens, Autoimmune Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Glycoproteins, Humans, Myocardial Infarction, Prospective Studies, Prothrombin, Research Design, Risk Factors, Thrombosis, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor, Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Antibodies, Anticardiolipin, Thrombophilia, Venous Thrombosis, Stroke, beta 2-Glycoprotein I
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