The worldwide distribution of the VHL 598C>T mutation indicates a single founding event
Abstract
The first congenital defect of hypoxia-sensing homozygosity for VHL 598C>T mutation was recently identified in Chuvash polycythemia. Subsequently, we found this mutation in 11 unrelated individuals of diverse ethnic backgrounds. To address the question of whether the VHL 598C>T substitution occurred in a single founder or resulted from recurrent mutational events in human evolution, we performed haplotype analysis of 8 polymorphic markers covering 340 kb spanning the VHL gene on 101 subjects bearing the VHL 598C>T mutation, including 72 homozygotes (61 Chuvash and 11 non-Chuvash) and 29 heterozygotes (11 Chuvash and 18 non-Chuvash), and 447 healthy unrelated individuals from Chuvash and other ethnic groups. The differences in allele frequencies for each of the 8 markers between 447 healthy controls (598C) and 101 subjects bearing the 598T allele (P < 10(-7)) showed strong linkage disequilibrium. Haplotype analysis indicated a founder effect. We conclude that the VHL 598C>T mutation, the most common defect of congenital polycythemia yet found, was spread from a single founder 1,000 to 62,000 years ago.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Chuvash polycythemia is caused by a homozygous mutation in VHL at codon 200, R200W.
“It is caused by a homozygous mutation in the VHL tumor suppressor at codon 200, R200W”
From Regulation of erythropoiesis by hypoxia-inducible factors (2013) · cites this paper as [131]
Cites
The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis
Maxwell, P. H., Wiesener, M. S., Chang, G.-W., Clifford, S. C., Vaux, E. C., Cockman, M. E., Wykoff, C. C., Pugh, C. W., Maher, E. R., & Ratcliffe, P. J. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/20459 · Cited by 5,180 · see citing works
Parametric and nonparametric linkage analysis: a unified multipoint approach.
Kruglyak, L., Daly, M. J., Daly, M. J., & Lander, E. S. (1996) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2,883 · see citing works
Maximum-likelihood estimation of molecular haplotype frequencies in a diploid population.
(1995) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040269 · Cited by 1,950 · see citing works
HIF-1: mediator of physiological and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia
Semenza, G. L. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.4.1474 · Cited by 1,822 · see citing works
HIF-1 and mechanisms of hypoxia sensing
Semenza, G. L. (2001) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s0955-0674(00)00194-0 · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
Laughner, E., Taghavi, P., Chiles, K., Mahon, P. C., & Semenza, G. L. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.21.12.3995-4004.2001 · Cited by 1,256 · see citing works
Disruption of oxygen homeostasis underlies congenital Chuvash polycythemia
Ang, S. O., Chen, H., Hirota, K., Gordeuk, V. R., Jelinek, J., Guan, Y., Liu, E., Sergueeva, A. I., Miasnikova, G. Y., Mole, D., et al. (2002) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1019 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
RISCH, N. J., de Leon, D., Ozelius, L. J., Kramer, P., Almasy, L. A., Singer, B. H., Fahn, S., Breakefield, X. O., & Bressman, S. (1995) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0295-152 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Crossey, P. A., Richards, F. M., Foster, K., reen, J. S., Prowse, A. H., Latlf, F., Lerman, M. I., Zbar, B., Atfara, N. A., Ferguson-Smith, M. A., et al. (1994) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/3.8.1303 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
HIF hydroxylation and the mammalian oxygen-sensing pathway
Safran, M., & Kaelin, W. G. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200318181 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
HIF hydroxylation and the mammalian oxygen-sensing pathway
Safran, M., & Kaelin, W. G. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci18181 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Vascular function in preeclampsia
VanWijk, M. J. (2000) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00087-0 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Soluble VEGF receptor Flt1: the elusive preeclampsia factor discovered?
Luttun, A., & Carmeliet, P. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci18015 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Mutations in the VHL gene in sporadic apparently congenital polycythemia
Pastore, Y. D., Jelinek, J., Ang, S., Guan, Y., Liu, E., Jedlickova, K., Krishnamurti, L., & Prchal, J. T. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-06-1843 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Endemic Polycythemia in Russia: Mutation in the VHL Gene
Ang, S. O., Chen, H., Gordeuk, V. R., Sergueeva, A. I., Polyakova, L. A., Miasnikova, G. Y., Kralovics, R., Stockton, D. W., & Prchal, J. T. (2002) · Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases · doi:10.1006/bcmd.2002.0488 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationMutations of von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor gene and congenital polycythemia
Pastore, Y., Jedlickova, K., Guan, Y., Liu, E., Fahner, J., Hasle, H., Prchal, J. F., & Prchal, J. T. (2003) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/377108 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Chuvash-type congenital polycythemia in 4 families of Asian and Western European ancestry
Percy, M. J., McMullin, M. F., Jowitt, S. N., Potter, M., Treacy, M., Watson, W. H., & Lappin, T. R. J. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-10-3246 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Haplotype Analysis in Population-based Association Studies
Mander, A. (2001) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0100100104 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Payne, S. J., Richards, F. M., & Maher, E. R. (1994) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/3.2.390 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Regulation of erythropoiesis by hypoxia-inducible factors
Haase, V. H. (2013) · Blood Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.blre.2012.12.003 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
von Hippel–Lindau disease: A clinical and scientific review
Maher, E. R., Neumann, H. P. H., & Richard, S. (2011) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.175 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Hypoxic regulation of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism
Haase, V. H. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00174.2010 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Gordeuk, V. R., Sergueeva, A. I., Miasnikova, G. Y., Okhotin, D., Voloshin, Y., Choyke, P. L., Butman, J. A., Jedlickova, K., Prchal, J. T., & Polyakova, L. A. (2004) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-07-2535 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-citationGenotype-phenotype correlations in von Hippel-Lindau disease
Ong, K. R., Woodward, E. R., Killick, P., Lim, C., MacDonald, F., & Maher, E. R. (2006) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.20385 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
The HIF pathway and erythrocytosis
Lee, F. S., & Percy, M. J. (2011) · Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130321 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
The complete evaluation of erythrocytosis: congenital and acquired
Patnaik, M. M., & Tefferi, A. (2009) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2009.54 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Genetic Basis of Congenital Erythrocytosis: Mutation Update and Online Databases
Bento, C., Percy, M. J., Gardie, B., Maia, T. M., van Wijk, R., Perrotta, S., Ragione, F. D., Almeida, H., Rossi, C., Girodon, F., et al. (2013) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.22448 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Von Hippel–Lindau: How a rare disease illuminates cancer biology
Richard, S., Gardie, B., Couvé, S., & Gad, S. (2012) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.05.005 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The classification and diagnosis of erythrocytosis
McMullin, M. F. (2008) · International Journal of Laboratory Hematology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-553x.2008.01102.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Erythrocytosis: the HIF pathway in control
Franke, K., Gassmann, M., & Wielockx, B. (2013) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2013-01-478065 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of anemia and erythrocytosis
Hodges, V. M., Rainey, S., Lappin, T. R. J., & Maxwell, A. P. (2007) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.06.006 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Congenital polycythemias/erythrocytoses.
Gordeuk, V. R., Stockton, D. W., & Prchal, J. T. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Lenglet, M., Robriquet, F., Schwarz, K., Camps, C., Couturier, A., Hoogewijs, D., Buffet, A., Knight, S. J. L., Gad, S., Couvé, S., et al. (2018) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2018-03-838235 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Perrotta, S., Nobili, B., Ferraro, M., Migliaccio, C., Borriello, A., Cucciolla, V., Martinelli, V., Rossi, F., Punzo, F., Cirillo, P., et al. (2006) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-06-2422 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Camps, C., Petousi, N., Bento, C., Cario, H., Copley, R. R., McMullin, M. F., van Wijk, R., Ratcliffe, P. J., Robbins, P. A., & Taylor, J. C. (2016) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2016.144063 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
(2005) · PubMed · Cited by 72 · see citing works
VHL mutation analysis in patients with isolated central nervous system haemangioblastoma
Woodward, E. R., Wall, K., Forsyth, J., MacDonald, F., & Maher, E. R. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl362 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Re-evaluation of hematocrit as a determinant of thrombotic risk in erythrocytosis
Gordeuk, V. R., Key, N. S., & Prchal, J. T. (2019) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2018.210732 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Polycythemia vera and other primary polycythemias
Prchal, J. T. (2005) · Current Opinion in Hematology · doi:10.1097/01.moh.0000154029.05396.d2 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Hypoxia. 5. Hypoxia and hematopoiesis
Yoon, D., Ponka, P., & Prchal, J. T. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00044.2011 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Liu, K., Martini, M., Rocca, B., Amos, C. I., Teofili, L., Giona, F., Ding, J., Komatsu, H., Larocca, L. M., & Skoda, R. C. (2009) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2009.005918 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Idiopathic erythrocytosis: a disappearing entity
McMullin, M. F. (2009) · Hematology · doi:10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.629 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Chuvash polycythemia VHLR200W mutation is associated with down-regulation of hepcidin expression
Gordeuk, V. R., Miasnikova, G. Y., Sergueeva, A. I., Niu, X., Nouraie, M., Okhotin, D. J., Polyakova, L. A., Ammosova, T., Nekhai, S., Ganz, T., et al. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-03-345512 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Albiñana, V., Heras, K. V. G. D. L., Serrano‐Heras, G., Segura, T., Moratalla, A. B. P., Mota-Pérez, M., de Campos, J. M., & Botella, L. M. (2015) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0343-5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Cario, H. (2004) · Annals of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s00277-004-0985-1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The role of PHD2 mutations in the pathogenesis of erythrocytosis
Gardie, B., Percy, M. J., Hoogewijs, D., Chowdhury, R., Bento, C., McMullin, M. F., Schofield, C. J., Lee, F. S., Richard, S., Arsenault, P. R., et al. (2014) · Hypoxia · doi:10.2147/hp.s54455 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Genetic basis of congenital erythrocytosis
Bento, C. (2018) · International Journal of Laboratory Hematology · doi:10.1111/ijlh.12828 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Genetic causes of erythrocytosis and the oxygen-sensing pathway
Lee, F. S. (2008) · Blood Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.blre.2008.04.003 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Tomašić, N., Piterkova, L., Huff, C., Bilić, E., Yoon, D., Miasnikova, G., Sergueeva, A., Niu, X., Nekhai, S. A., Gordeuk, V. R., et al. (2013) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2012.070508 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Couvé, S., Ladroue, C., Laine, É., Mahtouk, K., Guégan, J., Gad, S., Jeune, H. L., Gentil, M. L., Nuel, G., Kim, W. Y., et al. (2014) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1161 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Polycythemia and oxygen sensing
Maran, J., & Prchal, J. T. (2004) · Pathologie Biologie · doi:10.1016/j.patbio.2004.02.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Genetically heterogeneous origins of idiopathic erythrocytosis
Percy, M. J. (2007) · Hematology · doi:10.1080/10245330601111979 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Genetic origins and clinical phenotype of familial and acquired erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis
Percy, M. J., & Rumi, E. (2008) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.21313 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
HIF pathway mutations and erythrocytosis
McMullin, M. F. (2010) · Expert Review of Hematology · doi:10.1586/ehm.09.68 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Erythrocytosis and polycythemia
van der Walt, J. D. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3147-2.00022-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hereditary erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis and neutrophilia
Hong, W., & Gotlib, J. R. (2014) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology · doi:10.1016/j.beha.2014.07.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Genetic Background of Congenital Erythrocytosis
McMullin, M. F. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12081151 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
McMullin, M. F. (2016) · International Journal of Laboratory Hematology · doi:10.1111/ijlh.12506 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Stimulating Erythropoiesis: Future Perspectives
Mikhail, A. I., Covic, A. C., & Goldsmith, D. J. A. (2008) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000141928 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Miasnikova, G., Sergueeva, A., Nouraie, M. S., Niu, X., Okhotin, D. J., Polyakova, L. A., Ganz, T., Prchal, J. T., & Gordeuk, V. R. (2011) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2011.045609 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mallik, N., Das, R., Malhotra, P., & Sharma, P. (2021) · European Journal Of Haematology · doi:10.1111/ejh.13632 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Oxygen Sensing: Recent Insights from Idiopathic Erythrocytosis
Lee, F. S., Percy, M. J., & McMulli, M. F. (2006) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.5.9.2723 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Familial and Congenital Polycythemias: A Diagnostic Approach
Maerken, T. V., Hunninck, K., Callewaert, L., Benoît, Y., Laureys, G., & Verlooy, J. (2004) · Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology · doi:10.1097/00043426-200407000-00002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Percy, M. J. (2008) · PubMed Central · Cited by 11 · see citing works
GenetiC Mechanisms Underlying Regulation of Hemoglobin Mass
Agarwal, N., Gordeuk, V. R., & Prchal, J. T. (2007) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-75434-5_15 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bartels, M., van der Zalm, M. M., van Oirschot, B. A., Lee, F. S., Giles, R. H., Kruip, M. J. H. A., Gitz-Francois, J. J., van Solinge, W. W., Bierings, M., & van Wijk, R. (2015) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.22846 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Functional Significance of Erythrocytes
JELKMANN, W. E. B. (2012) · IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS eBooks · doi:10.1142/9781848166219_0001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A vitronectin M381T polymorphism increases risk of hemangioblastoma in patients with VHL gene defect
Huang, J.-S., Lin, C., Cheng, Y., Hung, K., Chien, C., Chen, S.-K., Chang, C., Chen, C., & Huang, C. (2009) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-009-0456-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Erythropoietin: A Personal Alice in Wonderland Trip in the Shadow of the Giants
Migliaccio, A. R. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14040408 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Genome editing and cancer therapy: handling the hypoxia-responsive pathway as a promising strategy
Stampone, E., Bencivenga, D., Capellupo, M. C., Roberti, D., Tartaglione, I., Perrotta, S., Ragione, F. D., & Borriello, A. (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-023-04852-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Genetic approaches to understand cellular responses to oxygen availability
Ortmann, B. M., & Nathan, J. A. (2021) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.16072 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Oxygen sensing, anaesthesia and critical care: a narrative review
Slingo, M., & Pandit, J. J. (2021) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.15582 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lee, C.-T., Tsai, W.-H., Chang, C.-C., Chen, P., Fann, C. S. J., Chang, H., Liu, S., Wu, M., Chiu, P., Hsu, W., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1283907 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Reményi, G., Bereczky, Z., Gindele, R., Újfalusi, A., Illés, A., & Udvardy, M. (2021) · Pathology & Oncology Research · doi:10.3389/pore.2021.1609987 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Genetic selection by high altitude: Beware of experiments at ambient conditions
Prchal, J. T. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1512899112 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Erythropoiesis—genetic abnormalities
Prchal, J. T., & Gregg, X. T. (2009) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8698-6_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Maher, E. R. (2006) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13439-61 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Incidence of ancient variants associated with oncological diseases in modern populations
Toncheva, D. I., Marinova, M., Borovskа, P., & Serbezov, D. (2023) · Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment · doi:10.1080/13102818.2022.2151376 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Polycythemia Vera and Other Polycythemic Disorders — Biological Aspects
Ang, S., & Prchal, J. T. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-34506-0_17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Is a little hypoxia good for you?
Prchal, J. T., & Gordeuk, V. R. (2006) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-10-4306
Oxygen-Dependent Regulation of Erythropoiesis
Haase, V. H. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-857-7_23
Blood's 70th anniversary: musings of a Blood editor, 2003-2007
Shattil, S. J. (2016) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2015-11-635755
Hétérérogénéité génétique de la polyglobulie
Dabbachi, M. (2008) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
McCaul, N., Bingham, R. J., & Blann, A. D. (2026) · British Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.3389/bjbs.2025.14745
Classification and Molecular Biology of Polycythemias (Erythrocytoses)
Maran, J., & Prchal, J. T. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18738-4_5
- Authors
- Liu, E., Percy, M. J., Amos, C. I., Guan, Y., Shete, S., Stockton, D. W., McMullin, M. F., Polyakova, L. A., Ang, S. O., Pastore, Y. D., Jedlickova, K., Lappin, T. R. J., Gordeuk, V., & Prchal, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 2004-03-01
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1937-1940
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- OpenAlex
- W2117916297
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL66333, UH1HL003679, R01HL066333)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG002275)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR010284)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomics and Rare Diseases
- Keywords
- von Hippel-Lindau gene, founder effect, Chuvash polycythemia, haplotype analysis, linkage disequilibrium, allele frequency, human evolution
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, DNA Mutational Analysis, Gene Frequency, Haplotypes, Homozygote, Humans, Models, Genetic, Mutation, Polycythemia, Polymorphism, Genetic, Genetic Variation, Founder Effect, Mutation, Missense, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review