The DOI matches its Crossref record; 144 of the 144 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Historical perspectives on tumor necrosis factor and its superfamily: 25 years later, a golden journey
Open accessAbstract
Although activity that induced tumor regression was observed and termed tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as early as the 1960s, the true identity of TNF was not clear until 1984, when Aggarwal and coworkers reported, for the first time, the isolation of 2 cytotoxic factors: one, derived from macrophages (molecular mass 17 kDa), was named TNF, and the second, derived from lymphocytes (20 kDa), was named lymphotoxin. Because the 2 cytotoxic factors exhibited 50% amino acid sequence homology and bound to the same receptor, they came to be called TNF-α and TNF-β. Identification of the protein sequences led to cloning of their cDNA. Based on sequence homology to TNF-α, now a total of 19 members of the TNF superfamily have been identified, along with 29 interacting receptors, and several molecules that interact with the cytoplasmic domain of these receptors. The roles of the TNF superfamily in inflammation, apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and morphogenesis have been documented. Their roles in immunologic, cardiovascular, neurologic, pulmonary, and metabolic diseases are becoming apparent. TNF superfamily members are active targets for drug development, as indicated by the recent approval and expanding market of TNF blockers used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohns disease, and osteoporosis, with a total market of more than US $20 billion. As we learn more about this family, more therapeutics will probably emerge. In this review, we summarize the initial discovery of TNF-α, and the insights gained regarding the roles of this molecule and its related family members in normal physiology and disease.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“death receptors, whose activation depends on the binding of the cognate ligand(s)”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [269]
In the citing paper
“Extrinsic apoptosis is mostly driven by either of two types of plasma membrane receptors: (1) death receptors, whose activation depends on the binding of the cognate ligand(s), and (2) dependence receptors, whose activation occurs when the levels of their specific ligand drop below a specific threshold [267 269–271].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [269]
In the citing paper
“dependence receptors, whose activation occurs when the levels of their specific ligand drop below a specific threshold [267 269–271].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [269]
In the citing paper
“Death receptors include (but are not limited to): Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS; also known as CD95 or APO-1), and TNF receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A; best known as TNFR1), 10a (TNFRSF10A; best known as TRAILR1 or DR4), and 10b (TNFRSF10B; best known as TRAILR2 or DR5) [269, 270, 272, 273].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [269]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED ARTICLE: APP binds DR6 to trigger axon pruning and neuron death via distinct caspases
Nikolaev, A., McLaughlin, T., O’Leary, D. D. M., & Tessier-Lavigne, M. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07767 · Cited by 992
RetractedMolecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies
Lang, U. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2013) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000350094 · Cited by 8,526
Adipose Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α: Direct Role in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance
Hotamisligil, G. S., Shargill, N. S., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7678183 · Cited by 7,518
A Meta-Analysis of Cytokines in Major Depression
Dowlati, Y., Herrmann, N., Swardfager, W., Liu, H., Sham, L., Reim, E. K., & Lanctôt, K. L. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033 · Cited by 4,729
An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors
Carswell, E. A., Old, L. J., Kassel, R. L., Green, S., Fiore, N., & Williamson, B. (1975) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.72.9.3666 · Cited by 4,532
The TNF and TNF Receptor Superfamilies
Locksley, R. M., Killeen, N., & Lenardo, M. J. (2001) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00237-9 · Cited by 3,650
Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis
Wiley, S. R., Schooley, K., Smolak, P. J., Din, W. S., Huang, C.-P., Nicholl, J. K., Sutherland, G. R., Smith, T. D., Rauch, C., Smith, C. A., et al. (1995) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/1074-7613(95)90057-8 · Cited by 2,900
Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword
Aggarwal, B. B. (2003) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1184 · Cited by 2,793
Self-citationElevated Circulating Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Severe Chronic Heart Failure
Levine, B., Kalman, J., Mayer, L., Fillit, H. M., & Packer, M. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199007263230405 · Cited by 2,582
Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes
Dandona, P. (2004) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2003.10.013 · Cited by 2,170
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Wua, 2010, Docking prediction for tumor necrosis factor-α and five herbal inhibitors., Intl J Eng Sci Technol, 2, 4263
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 876
Paradoxical Inflammation in IBD Patients Treated with Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Therapy
Niess, J. H. (2017) · Austin Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.26420/austinjgastroenterol.2017.1081 · Cited by 1
TNF-alpha inhibitor-induced infections in rheumatic diseases
Aydın, V., & Akıcı, A. (2018) · The Journal of Turkish Family Physician · doi:10.15511/tjtfp.18.00113 · Cited by 1
Косарева, П. В., Tryastsina, Е. N., & Самоделкин, Е. И. (2018) · HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders · doi:10.22328/2077-9828-2018-10-3-56-63 · Cited by 1
Sarfo, B. Y., Haile, Z. T., Deletsu, S. D., Mensah, E. A., & Bonney, E. Y. (2018) · Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871526518666181016110409 · Cited by 1
Acne inversa/Hidradenitis suppurativa – Von der Pathogenese zur Therapie
Schuch, A., Absmaier-Kijak, M., & Volz, T. (2019) · Aktuelle Dermatologie · doi:10.1055/a-0885-5152 · Cited by 1
Zhuravlyova, L., & Pylov, D. (2019) · PROBLEMS OF ENDOCRINE PATHOLOGY · doi:10.21856/j-pep.2019.3.15 · Cited by 1
(2020) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1130-2 · Cited by 1
History of immunotherapy of malignant tumors
Kramchaninov, M. M., & Моисеенко, В. (2023) · Practical oncology · doi:10.31917/2402145 · Cited by 1
Role of IL-10 in the Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage
Plaza, T. F. (2012) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1
Neregård, P. (2013) · Figshare · Cited by 1
Biomarker mRNAs for staging and prognosis of colorectal cancer
Ohlsson, L. (2011) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Preparation and Characterization of Immunomodulatory Peptides from Spent Hen Muscle Proteins
Yu, W. (2016) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3s46hf15 · Cited by 1
Regulation of oxidoreductase enzymes during inflammation
Ingram, S. (2018) · Cited by 1
Role of genomic variants in the response to biologics targeting common autoimmune disorders
Lenert, G. (2016) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2016-11456 · Cited by 1
Adu‐Frimpong, M., Abugri, J., & Osei, H. A. B. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0328.v1 · Cited by 1
Deng, S. (2014) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27332928 · Cited by 1
Munir, M. (2015) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 1
Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins: production, functionality and application prospects in oncology
Kosobokova, E. N., Russian, B., & Russian Federation (2013) · Современные технологии в медицине
Ligand binding and receptor network formation in the tumor necrosis factor superfamily.
Valley, C. C. (2012) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Neumann, S. P. (2013) · OPUS Publication Server of the University of Stuttgart (University of Stuttgart) · doi:10.18419/opus-2151
MicroRNAs in skin immunity and psoriasis
Meisgen, F. (2014) · Figshare
Warren, J. T. (2015) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7kp809g
TNF-α and neurotrophins in Achilles tendinosis
Bagge, J. (2013) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Correlation between leucine rich domain and the stability of LRWD1 protein in human NT2/D1 cells
Tsai, Y., Teng, Y., Hung, J., Wu, C., Kuo, Y.-T., Kuo, P., Chiu, C., & Huang, B. (2014) · Advances in Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.advms.2014.07.002
Pro inflammatory cytokines and neurogenic inflammation in peritoneal dialysis
Engvall, G. (2013) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Severe sepsis Epidemiology and sex-related differences in inflammatory markers.
Jacobson, S. (2014) · DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University)
Associations of cytokines genetic polymorphisms with hypertension progress
Кривошей, И. В., Milanova, S. N., Alpferov, P. K., Efremova, O. A., & Ruzhenkov, V. A. (2014) · Open Access Repository (Belgorod State National Research University)
Tofiq, D. M. (2015) · European Scientific Journal ESJ
Flepisi, B. T. (2015) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)
Ålgars, A. (2012) · UTUPub (University of Turku)
Psychoneuroimmunology and Chronic Pain
Giron, S. E. (2015) · doi:10.22371/07.2015.016
Conformational Dynamics Associated with Signaling in Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors
Lewis, A. K. (2015) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Halford, E. E. (2016) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Tumor Necrosis Factor - alpha in Clinical Manifestation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Negreva, M. N., Georgiev, S., & Penev, A. (2016) · Varna Medical Forum · doi:10.14748/vmf.v5i1.1566
Moulton, V. R., Suárez‐Fueyo, A., Bradley, S., & Tsokos, G. C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-31696-5.00027-9
The role of mitochondria in innate immunity and inflammation
Widdrington, J. D. (2016)
Ravindran, F., & Justus Liebig University Giessen (2015) · University writing server of the Justus Liebig University Giessen (Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen) · doi:10.22029/jlupub-14170
The role of NF-κB signalling in T cell homeostasis and function
Webb, L. (2016) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Skeletal muscle fatigue: Investigating the role of cytokines, ROS and mitochondrial function.
Earl, K. E. (2016) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/03001668
松井, 英. (2015) · Terrestrial Environment Research Center (University of Tsukuba)
Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Signaling within 3D Tissue Models
Rego, S. L., McCann, T., & Dréau, D. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315118260-12
Zoubi, M. S. A., Chipitsyna, G. I., Sarosiek, K., Kang, C. Y., Yeo, C. J., & Arafat, H. A. (2013) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(13)63978-5
Mendes, M. T. (2017) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2017.tde-28102017-113448
Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibition
Papp, K. A., & Nicholas, M. N. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66884-0_13
Jovicic, B. P., Raković, I., Petrović, S., Čanović, P. P., Petrović, D., Sekulic, S., Jovanović, I., & Jovicic, N. U. (2018) · Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research · doi:10.1515/sjecr-2017-0023
Avaliação do papel de HSPB1 na modulação da autofagia induzida por PRL em células-beta
da Silva, F. F. A. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.46.2018.tde-24082018-092045
Mapeamento de peptídeos ligantes ao receptor do fator de necrose tumoral alfa
Silva, J. R. D. M. (2015) · doi:10.14393/ufu.di.2015.363
Proliferation of B-lymphocytes in inflammatory and hematological diseases
Tesic, T., Lendak, D. F., Urosevic, I., Mitić, I. M., & Andrić, V. (2018) · Medicinski pregled · doi:10.2298/mpns1812377t
THU0232 DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF IL8 AND TISSUE FACTOR PROMOTER IN ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME
Patsouras, M., Karagianni, P., Kogionou, P., & Vlachoyiannopoulos, P. G. (2019) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.5459
Mansano, R. A. W. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.46.2019.tde-07052019-111824
Nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas encapsulando curcuminoides (NLS-CT): estudos in vitro e in vivo
Zamarioli, C. M. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.22.2019.tde-02102018-155442
Evidence for a role for BK channels in the regulation of ADAM17 activityPreprint
Yoshida, M., & Willis, D. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/811000
Kinoshita, P. F. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2019.tde-16102019-170827
Biomarkers of intestinal epithelial damage in children with food allergies
Rycyk, A., Lebensztejn, D. M., & Cudowska, B. (2019) · Pediatria Polska · doi:10.5114/polp.2019.88042
Physiologic Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Bone Homeostasis
Arra, M., & Abu‐Amer, Y. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.62228-6
Roles Of Tumor Necrosis Factor In Animal Tissues : Review Article
Al-sabaawy, H., Yasmeen, J. M., & Al.Hamdany, E. (2020) · Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences/Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.21608/javs.2020.97605
Selvam, G., Bhuvana, S., Prabu, P. C., & Pillai, K. S. (2020) · International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences · doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.500
Inflammation and accumulating risk for developing psychiatric disorders
Money, K. M. (2016)
Wang, J., Gu, F., Li, Z., Zhan, M., Wang, L., Zhang, H., Chen, D., Xie, H., Chai, R., Zhao, N., et al. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-67682/v1
INFLAMMATORY REACTION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS IN HCV PATIENTS
Njum, A. A., & Alwan, J. A. (2021) · PLANT ARCHIVES · doi:10.51470/plantarchives.2021.v21.s1.179
The Development of Local-acting Biologics to Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis
Neely, E. J. (2019) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
(2020) · Abasyn Journal Life Sciences · doi:10.34091/ajls.3.2.4
Soares, D. C. D. Q. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2020.tde-16062021-135601
Muñoz‐Carrillo, J. L., Villalobos-Gutiérrez, P. T., Puebla‐Pérez, A. M., Luna, M. A. L., de la Torre, J. A. F., Alvarez-Barreto, I., & Gutiérrez-Coronado, O. (2021) · REVISTA BIOMÉDICA · doi:10.32776/revbiomed.v32i3.882
Modeling and interaction analysis of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha with oligopeptides
Ryabtseva, T. V., Makarevich, D. A., & Taganovich, A. D. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Biological Series · doi:10.29235/1029-8940-2021-66-4-453-461
Niyazov, R. R., Dranitsyna, M. A., Vasiliev, A. N., & Gavrishina, E. V. (2021) · Remedium Journal about the Russian market of medicines and medical equipment · doi:10.21518/1561-5936-2021-3-56-68
Development of a Crash Cushion Using the Frictional and Inertial Energy by Computer Simulation
Kim, D., Kim, K.-D., Ko, M., & Kim, K. (2009) · Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
PITA, a pre-bilaterian p75NTR, is the evolutionary ancestor of TNF receptorsPreprint
Cumming, M. J., Gibon, J., Sossin, W. S., & Barker, P. A. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.26.474206
Group 1 Innate Lymphocyte-Derived IFN-γ Regulates Macrophage Alternative Activation In Colon CancerPreprint
Zhang, Y., Ma, S., Li, T., Tian, Y., Zhou, H., Wang, H., & Huang, L. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1160875/v1
Systemic Immunosuppression for the Treatment of Pediatric Uveitis
Chaulk, A. L., Miller, C., Barke, M., Goldberg, B., & Goldberg, A. (2021) · International Ophthalmology Clinics · doi:10.1097/iio.0000000000000402
Giaccone, G., & Soria, J.-C. (2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15944-17
Rose‐John, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57401-7_10025
Gu, J., McCluskey, A. J., & Ghayur, T. (2017) · Methods and principles in medicinal chemistry · doi:10.1002/9783527699124.ch8
Therapeutic strategies targeting Kv10.1 in PDAC
Zahed, F. (2017) · doi:10.53846/goediss-6092
Theorizing immune inhibition and TNF inhibitors from the autoimmune
Shimon, O. B. (2022) · Recerca Revista de pensament i anàlisi · doi:10.6035/recerca.5767
Wang, J., Gu, F., Li, Z., Zhan, M., Wang, L., Zhang, H., Chen, D., Xie, H., Chai, R., Zhao, N., et al. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.24683/v1
Feitosa, A. C. M. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2020.tde-18122019-110528
Wang, J., Gu, F., Li, Z., Zhan, M., Wang, L., Zhang, H., Chen, D., Xie, H., Chai, R., Zhao, N., et al. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-20966/v1
Rose‐John, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21573-6_10025-1
Immunological Changes of HCV and Typhoid Fever Patient
Alwan, J. A., Saeed, Z. F., & Njum, A. A. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.53350/pjmhs22164899
Li, A. (2022) · Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology · doi:10.54097/hset.v8i.1201
Särchen, V. (2022) · Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) · doi:10.21248/gups.70951
Lan, K., Wu, H., Shen, D., Qi, M., Chen, Q., Wang, H., & Zeng, Q. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2839120/v1
Host Immunity and Tissue Destruction During Liver Abscess Formation
Helk, E., Bernin, H., & Lotter, H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-55200-0_26
Enantioselective Effect of Chiral Small Molecules in SARS‐CoV‐2 Vaccine‐Induced Immune Response
Zhou, Z., Zhang, Y., Ji, H., Jin, Y., Chen, S., Duan, P., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202301085
Demirbakan, B. (2023) · Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.15671/hjbc.1240299
Hossen, M. B., Islam, M. A., Horaira, M. A., Ali, M. A., Himu, U. H., Kibria, M. K., Reza, M. S., Sarker, A., Hossen, M. A., Kabir, M. H., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3246376/v1
Risk of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitors Usage and Related Adverse Effects
Bülbül, E., Erik, S., Sevim, Ç., Keskin, S., & Kara, M. (2023) · The Journal of Neurobehavioral Sciences · doi:10.4103/jnbs.jnbs_4_23
Cholesterol-lowering and probiotic properties of selected lactic acid bacteria
Kingkaew, E. (2021) · Chula Digiverse · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2021.300
Metadata
- Authors
- Aggarwal, B. B., Gupta, S. C., & Kim, J. H.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 2012-01-19
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 651-665
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- PMC
- PMC3265196
- OpenAlex
- W1989219560
- Cited by
- 877
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CA-16 672, 16672, CA-124787-01A2)
- Genentech
- University of California, San Francisco
- National Cancer Institute (CA-16672, P01CA124787, CA-124787-01A2, P30CA016672)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Keywords
- TNF-α, TNF superfamily, lymphotoxin, TNF receptor, TNF-alpha inhibitors, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, metastasis, drug development, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, osteoporosis
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Neoplasms, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review