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The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia
Open accessAbstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues was last updated in 2008. Since then, there have been numerous advances in the identification of unique biomarkers associated with some myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias, largely derived from gene expression analysis and next-generation sequencing that can significantly improve the diagnostic criteria as well as the prognostic relevance of entities currently included in the WHO classification and that also suggest new entities that should be added. Therefore, there is a clear need for a revision to the current classification. The revisions to the categories of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia will be published in a monograph in 2016 and reflect a consensus of opinion of hematopathologists, hematologists, oncologists, and geneticists. The 2016 edition represents a revision of the prior classification rather than an entirely new classification and attempts to incorporate new clinical, prognostic, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic data that have emerged since the last edition. The major changes in the classification and their rationale are presented here.
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“EPI-CT also evaluated risk using the revised World Health Organization (WHO) classification of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue malignancies27,28.”
From Risk of hematological malignancies from CT radiation exposure in children, adolescents and young adults (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
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“For CML patients, disease diagnosis and progression were defined according to the 2016 edition of World Health Organization criteria.75”
From Integrated drug profiling and CRISPR screening identify BCR::ABL1-independent vulnerabilities in chronic myeloid leukemia (2024) · cites this paper as [75]
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Citations
Cites
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BackgroundDeep Morphology Learning Enhances Ex Vivo Drug Profiling-Based Precision Medicine
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“AML is a molecularly and clinically highly diverse hematologic malignancy (10, 11) with increased incidence rates in the elderly (12), whose mechanisms of pathogenesis have remained incompletely resolved.”
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MethodBiology and Therapeutic Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Leukemia
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“SM is diagnosed according to the WHO criteria.(17) MMAS patients do not fulfill all SM criteria, but show mast cell clonality through a KIT mutation and/or aberrant expression of CD25 and/or CD2.”
MethodChen, G., Xu, J., He, X., Yan, Y., Hu, L., & Li, Z. (2026) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2026.110785
Metadata
- Authors
- Arber, D. A., Orazi, A., Hasserjian, R., Thiele, J., Borowitz, M. J., Le Beau, M. M., Bloomfield, C. D., Cazzola, M., & Vardiman, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- Johns Hopkins Medicine (US)
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL;
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (US)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 2016-05-19
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 2391-2405
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- OpenAlex
- W2339658711
- Cited by
- 10,119
- References
- 139
- Citations by year
- 2026: 370 · 2025: 615 · 2024: 875 · 2023: 1132 · 2022: 1265 · 2021: 1424 · 2020: 1187 · 2019: 998 · 2018: 954 · 2017: 797 · 2016: 320
- FWCI
- 145.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2016-07-21)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Celgene
- Incyte
- Sysmex Corporation
- Genentech
- Takeda Oncology
- Pharmacyclics
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Acute Myeloid Leukemia Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treatments
- Keywords
- WHO classification of hematologic neoplasms, myeloid neoplasms, acute leukemia, diagnostic criteria, prognostic factors, gene expression profiling, next-generation sequencing, immunophenotyping, morphological classification, new disease entity
- MeSH terms
- Down Syndrome, Eosinophilia, Humans, Leukemia, Myeloid, Mastocytosis, Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Myeloproliferative Disorders, World Health Organization, Oncogene Proteins, Fusion, Cell Lineage, Myeloid Cells, Genes, Neoplasm, Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
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