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Serum Transferrin Receptor and Its Ratio to Serum Ferritin in the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency
Open accessAbstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of laboratory tests, including serum transferrin receptor (TfR) measurements, in the diagnosis of iron depletion. The patient population consisted of 129 consecutive anemic patients at the University Hospital of Turku who were given a bone marrow examination. Of these patients, 48 had iron deficiency anemia (IDA), 64 anemia of chronic disease (ACD), and 17 patients had depleted iron stores and an infectious or an inflammatory condition (COMBI). Depletion of iron stores was defined as a complete absence of stainable iron in the bone marrow examination. Serum TfR concentrations were elevated in the vast majority of the IDA and COMBI patients, while in the ACD patients, the levels were within the reference limits reported earlier for healthy subjects. TfR measurement thus provided a reliable diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (AUCROC 0.98). Serum ferritin measurement also distinguished between IDA patients and ACD patients. However, the optimal decision limit for evaluation of ferritin measurements was considerably above the conventional lower reference limits, complicating the interpretation of this parameter. Calculation of the ratio TfR/log ferritin (TfR-F Index) is a way of combining TfR and ferritin results. This ratio provided an outstanding parameter for the identification of patients with depleted iron stores (AUCROC 1.00). In anemic patients, TfR measurement is a valuable noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of iron depletion, and offers an attractive alternative to more conventional laboratory tests in the detection of depleted iron stores.
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“Steady-state levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit in healthy adults typically correlate negatively with log 10 EPO levels (21).”
From Testosterone induces erythrocytosis via increased erythropoietin and suppressed hepcidin: evidence for a new erythropoietin/hemoglobin set point (2014) · cites this paper as [21]
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“In particular, the serum sTfR divided by the log of the ferritin (sTfR-ferritin index) was found useful in classifying patients with ACD and concomitant IDA (Punnonen et al., 1997; Rimon et al., 2002).”
MethodBeard, J. L., Murray‐Kolb, L. E., Rosales, F. J., Solomons, N. W., & Angelilli, M. L. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1498 · Cited by 132
“The TfR-ferritin index was computed as the ratio of TfR to log ferritin (TfR/log ferritin) as previously reported (17, 18), and body iron was calculated by using the new approach of Cook et al (19).”
BackgroundMethodDiagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia in the Elderly by Transferrin Receptor–Ferritin Index
Rimon, E., Levy, S., Sapir, A., Gelzer, G., Peled, R., Ergas, D., & Sthoeger, Z. M. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.4.445 · Cited by 129
“5 was considered diagnostic of iron deficiency.(24,28,29) All TR values herein are presented as TR-F index.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSerum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload
Garcia‐Casal, M. N., Pasricha, S., Martinez, R. X., Lopez-Perez, L., & Peña‐Rosas, J. P. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011817.pub2 · Cited by 149
Gupta, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-8933-1_5 · Cited by 131
Iron Deficiency in Obese Postmenopausal Women
Lecube, A., Carrera, A., Losada, E., Hernández, C., Simó, R., & Mesa, J. (2006) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2006.198 · Cited by 130
“The ratio of the concentrations of sTfR to log ferritin (sTfR/log ferritin ratio) was used as an additional marker for biochemical identification of iron-deficient erythropoiesis (19,20).”
MethodDiagnosis of iron deficiency in chronic renal failure
Fernández-Rodríguez, A. M., Guindeo-Casasús, M. C., Molero-Labarta, T., Domínguez-Cabrera, C., Hortal-Cascón, L., Pérez-Borges, P., Vega-Díaz, N., Saavedra-Santana, P., & Palop-Cubillo, L. (1999) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1016/s0272-6386(99)70079-x · Cited by 126
Parenteral iron therapy in obstetrics: 8 years experience with iron–sucrose complex
Perewusnyk, G., Huch, R., Huch, A., & Breymann, C. (2002) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2002577 · Cited by 128
Girelli, D., Marchi, G., & Camaschella, C. (2018) · HemaSphere · doi:10.1097/hs9.0000000000000040 · Cited by 137
Þórsdóttir, I., Gunnarsson, B. S., Atladóttir, H. Ó., Michaelsen, K. F., & Palsson, G. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601594 · Cited by 126
“When the TfR>8.5 mg=l is used as a cut-off (Asobayire et al, 2001), 25% of the infants in the present study have elevated TfR. Studies are needed on TfR and the TfR:log SF ratio, which have been suggested to depict the entire range of iron status (Punnonen et al, 1997; Skikne et al, 1990).”
MethodInfluentialIron deficiency in female pattern hair loss, chronic telogen effluvium, and control groups
Olsen, E. A., Reed, K. B., Cacchio, P. B., & Caudill, L. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.006 · Cited by 128
“Using serum ferritin levels as a marker for iron storage deficiency, the definition of ID (but not specifically IDA) in various studies has ranged from a serum ferritin of less than or equal to 15 g/L to less than 70 g/L.(14,16-20) The sensitivity of using serum ferritin of less than or equal to 15 g/L and less than o…”
Montonen, J., Boeing, H., Steffen, A., Lehmann, R., Fritsche, A., Joost, H.-G., Schulze, M. B., & Pischon, T. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2633-y · Cited by 124
“Therefore, it has been suggested that the ratio of serum concentrations of sTfR and ferritin should be a preferred measure of body iron stores [18, 19, 37].”
BackgroundAnemia of chronic disease: pathophysiology and laboratory diagnosis.
THOMAS, C., & THOMAS, L. (2005) · Laboratory Hematology · doi:10.1532/lh96.04049 · Cited by 124
Long Term Outcome of Severe Anaemia in Malawian Children
Phiri, K. S., Calis, J. C. J., Faragher, B. E., Nkhoma, E., Kondwani, N., Mangochi, B., Molyneux, M. E., & van Hensbroek, M. B. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002903 · Cited by 120
“All laboratory assays were done in all study groups, unless otherwise stated and were blinded to patient study group where possible. Haemoglobin concentration was measured on site using the HemoCue B-Haemoglobin analyser (HemoCue, Angelholm, Sweden) and subsequently by Coulter counter analyser (Beckman Coulter, Durban…”
InfluentialIron deficiency without anemia – a clinical challenge
Soppi, E. T. (2018) · Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1002/ccr3.1529 · Cited by 142
“Patients with true iron deficiency anemia on the basis of negative bone marrow iron staining may have a serum ferritin concentration close to 50 lg/L [7].”
BackgroundMeasurement of soluble transferrin receptor in serum of healthy adults
Allen, J., Backstrom, K. R., Cooper, J. A., Cooper, M. C., Detwiler, T. C., Essex, D. W., Fritz, R. P., Means, R. T., Meier, P. B., Pearlman, S. R., et al. (1998) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/44.1.35 · Cited by 121
“In iron deficiency, [sTfR] increases to about twice the normal concentration [16, 17], but the distribution of values is broad enough that the 95% ranges may overlap.”
BackgroundLiu, K., & Kaffes, A. J. (2011) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0b013e32834f3140 · Cited by 118
Dysregulated iron metabolism in polycythemia vera: etiology and consequences
Ginzburg, Y. Z., Feola, M., Zimran, E., Várkonyi, J., Ganz, T., & Hoffman, R. (2018) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/s41375-018-0207-9 · Cited by 118
Biological and clinical aspects of soluble transferrin receptor
Speeckaert, M. M., Speeckaert, R., & Delanghe, J. (2010) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.3109/10408363.2010.550461 · Cited by 121
Hinton, P. S., & Sinclair, L. M. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602479 · Cited by 121
Classification of anemia for gastroenterologists
Chulilla, J. A. M., Colás, M. S. R., & Martín, M. G. (2009) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.15.4627 · Cited by 125
Jiang, Y., Jiang, F., Kong, F., An, M.-M., Jin, B.-B., Cao, D., & Gong, P. (2019) · Annals of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/s13613-019-0542-7 · Cited by 118
Metadata
- Authors
- Punnonen, K., Irjala, K., & Rajamäki, A.
- Affiliations
- Turku University Hospital (FI)
- From the Central Laboratory, Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Hospital of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 1997-02-01
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1052-1057
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- OpenAlex
- W1924847619
- Cited by
- 859
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 13.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hematological disorders and diagnostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Erythropoietin and Anemia Treatment
- Keywords
- serum transferrin receptor, serum ferritin, iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, iron depletion, diagnostic accuracy, inflammatory diseases
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anemia, Blood Cell Count, Bone Marrow, Chronic Disease, Female, Ferritins, Humans, Iron, Male, Receptors, Transferrin, Staining and Labeling, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
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