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Serum Transferrin Receptor and Its Ratio to Serum Ferritin in the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency
Open accessAbstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of laboratory tests, including serum transferrin receptor (TfR) measurements, in the diagnosis of iron depletion. The patient population consisted of 129 consecutive anemic patients at the University Hospital of Turku who were given a bone marrow examination. Of these patients, 48 had iron deficiency anemia (IDA), 64 anemia of chronic disease (ACD), and 17 patients had depleted iron stores and an infectious or an inflammatory condition (COMBI). Depletion of iron stores was defined as a complete absence of stainable iron in the bone marrow examination. Serum TfR concentrations were elevated in the vast majority of the IDA and COMBI patients, while in the ACD patients, the levels were within the reference limits reported earlier for healthy subjects. TfR measurement thus provided a reliable diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (AUCROC 0.98). Serum ferritin measurement also distinguished between IDA patients and ACD patients. However, the optimal decision limit for evaluation of ferritin measurements was considerably above the conventional lower reference limits, complicating the interpretation of this parameter. Calculation of the ratio TfR/log ferritin (TfR-F Index) is a way of combining TfR and ferritin results. This ratio provided an outstanding parameter for the identification of patients with depleted iron stores (AUCROC 1.00). In anemic patients, TfR measurement is a valuable noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of iron depletion, and offers an attractive alternative to more conventional laboratory tests in the detection of depleted iron stores.
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“Steady-state levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit in healthy adults typically correlate negatively with log 10 EPO levels (21).”
From Testosterone induces erythrocytosis via increased erythropoietin and suppressed hepcidin: evidence for a new erythropoietin/hemoglobin set point (2014) · cites this paper as [21]
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Serum hepcidin but not prohepcidin may be an effective marker for anemia of inflammation (AI)
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“In a clinical setting, sTfR measurements offer an attractive amendment to the repertoire of indices of iron status because it has been shown to sensitively detect iron-deficient erythropoiesis early in developing ID and to retain its specificity to changes in iron status irrespective of the concurrent inflammatory sta…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCharacterisation of anaemia and associated factors among infants and pre-schoolers from rural India
Nair, K. M., Fernandez‐Rao, S., Balakrishna, N., Radhakrishna, K. V., Ravinder, P., Augustine, L. F., Hurley, K. M., Tilton, N., Harding, K., Reinhart, G. A., et al. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015002050 · Cited by 42
“Using receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis the sTfR/log ferritin index has shown to have excellent sensitivity and specificity in reflecting Fe depletion((31)).”
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“Consequently, the ACD which has already been known to cause anemia in cancer patients prior to the era of ESAs [Cash and Sears, 1989] came to the fore again [Weiss and Goodnough, 2005] whereas the effect of chemotherapy stood back.”
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“The serum sTfR concentration is raised in other conditions with increased erythopoietic activity, such as thalassaemias and haemolysis (Beguin et al, 1993; Rees et al, 1998).”
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“The sTfR/F index was calculated as the ratio of sTfR concentration to logarithm of ferritin concentration (sTfR (mg/L)/log Ferritin (mg/L)) [8,9].”
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“Para valores entre 30 ng/ml e 100 ng/ml, a determinação da concentração dos receptores da transferrina (RTf) e, mais precisamente, do índice RTf/Log ferritina são de grande importância para confirmar ou não a existência de deficiência de ferro nesses pacientes (23, 24, 25, 28, 29).”
BackgroundThe transferrin/log(ferritin) ratio: A new tool for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia
Castel, R., Tax, M. G. H. M., Droogendijk, J., Leers, M. P. G., Beukers, R., Levin, M.-D., Sonneveld, P., & Berendes, P. B. (2012) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1515/cclm-2011-0594 · Cited by 41
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Excessive Body Iron Stores Are Not Associated with Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
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“The sTfR:ferritin ratio as a marker of body iron stores was examined primarily among anemia patients or young adults receiving repeated phlebotomy (17,24).”
BackgroundPerspective: What Makes It So Difficult to Mitigate Worldwide Anemia Prevalence?
Schümann, K., & Solomons, N. W. (2017) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.116.013847 · Cited by 48
“A ratio of sTfR to log ferritin <1 indicates ACD, whereas values >2 indicate IDA or a mixture of iron deficiency and chronic diseases (89, 91).”
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“Other biomarkers may be useful for accurately gauging adequacy of body iron stores, including transferrin, transferrin saturation, and soluble transferrin receptor.(5) These are neither commonly used in clinical settings nor in routine screening of iron status in athletes, however, and will not be addressed in this re…”
BackgroundEffect of ferroportin Q248H polymorphism on iron status in African children
Kasvosve, I., Gomo, Z. A. R., Nathoo, K., Matibe, P., Mudenge, B., Loyevsky, M., & Gordeuk, V. R. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.5.1102 · Cited by 39
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Cord blood transferrin receptors to assess fetal iron status
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Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of anaemia in immune‐mediated gastrointestinal disorders
Bergamaschi, G., Sabatino, A. D., & Corazza, G. R. (2018) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/bjh.15254 · Cited by 40
“…parameters that can be useful in this situation include the soluble transferrin receptor to log ferritin ratio (or TfR-F Index; values >2 suggest iron deficiency), the percentage of hypochromic red cells and reticulocyte haemoglobin content (Punnonen et al, 1997; Brugnara, 2003; Lopez et al, 2016).”
BackgroundKarlsson, T. (2011) · Anemia · doi:10.1155/2011/925907 · Cited by 39
The effect of blood donation frequency on iron status
Røsvik, A. S., Ulvik, R. J., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., & Hervig, T. A. (2009) · Transfusion and Apheresis Science · doi:10.1016/j.transci.2009.09.017 · Cited by 39
“deficiency with or without concomitant anaemia [12,21].”
BackgroundAdvancements in anemias related to chronic conditions
Guidi, G. C., & Santonastaso, C. L. (2010) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2010.264 · Cited by 39
Iron Status and Its Determinants in a Nationally Representative Sample of Pregnant Women
Vandevijvere, S., Amsalkhir, S., Oyen, H. J. V., Egli, I. M., & Moreno‐Reyes, R. (2013) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.10.021 · Cited by 40
Ervasti, M., Kotisaari, S., Heinonen, S. T., & Punnonen, K. R. A. (2007) · European Journal Of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2007.00964.x · Cited by 39
“Conventionally, laboratory tests for estimating iron status include a pattern of both hematological indices such as hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit, and mean cell volume (MCV), and serum measurements such as iron, ferritin, transferrin, and transferrin receptor (TfR) (4, 5).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationSerum transferrin receptor, ferritin and TfR‐F index in identification of latent iron deficiency
Punnonen, K. R. A., Irjala, K. M. A., & Rajamäki, A. (1998) · European Journal Of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.1998.tb01011.x · Cited by 39
Self-citationLópez, M. Á. V., Lendínez, F., Carmona, M. L., Morales, A. C., Vico, F. J. M., Muñoz, J. L., & Muñoz‐Hoyos, A. (2006) · Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology · doi:10.1097/mph.0b013e31802d751a · Cited by 39
Juncà, J., Fernández‐Avilés, F., Oriol, A., Navarro, J., Millá, F., Sancho, J., & Feliú, E. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 39
A new concept for the differential diagnosis and therapy of anaemia in cancer patients
Steinmetz, H. T., Tsamaloukas, A. G., Schmitz, S. H., Wiegand, J., Rohrberg, R., Eggert, J., Breuer, F., Tessen, H.-W., Eustermann, H., & Thomas, L. (2010) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-010-0812-2 · Cited by 38
“In 2002, the diagnostic plot was introduced [37] by combining the ferritin index (FI=soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) in mg/ L/log ferritin in µg/L), as marker of iron supply to the bone marrow [ 30 ], and the Hb content of reticulocytes, as indicator of FID [6], alternatively to ferritin and transferrin saturation…”
MethodThe Evidence-Based Evaluation of Iron Deficiency Anemia
Hempel, E. V., & Bollard, E. R. (2016) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2016.04.015 · Cited by 41
Review article: treating‐to‐target for inflammatory bowel disease‐associated anaemia
Peyrin‐Biroulet, L., Lopez, A., Cummings, F. J. R., Dignass, A. U., Detlie, T. E., & Danese, S. (2018) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.14922 · Cited by 38
Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Iron Overload
Worwood, M., May, A. M., & Bain, B. J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-6696-2.00009-6 · Cited by 38
The role of serum transferrin receptor in the diagnosis of iron deficiency.
Remacha, A. F., Sardà, M. P., Parellada, M., Ubeda, J., & Manteiga, R. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 38
Mojiminiyi, O. A., Marouf, R., & Abdella, N. A. (2008) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2007.07.007 · Cited by 37
Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency in Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Transferrin Receptor-Ferritin Index
Abitbol, V., Borderie, D., Polin, V., Maksimovic, F., Sarfati, G., Esch, A., Tabouret, T., Dhooge, M., Dréanic, J., Perkins, G., et al. (2015) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000001011 · Cited by 37
“inflammation.(12,13) The known in patients with published concerning Editor: Giuseppe Scalisi.”
BackgroundErythropoietin Levels in Elderly Patients with Anemia of Unknown Etiology
Gowanlock, Z., Sriram, S., Martin, A. A., Xenocostas, A., & Lazo‐Langner, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157279 · Cited by 36
“[14] Serum ferritin was used in the classification criteria for iron deficiency anemia because the use of alternative indices such as the TfR-F index (the ratio of serum transferrin receptor to log ferritin)[15], transferrin saturation or CRP could not be obtained for most of the patients since out of the 570 patients…”
MethodIron Deficiency Anemia Coexists with Cancer Related Anemia and Adversely Impacts Quality of Life
Kanuri, G., Sawhney, R., Varghese, J., Britto, M., & Shet, A. S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163817 · Cited by 37
Hu, P. J., Ley, S. H., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Li, Y., & Wang, D. D. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.136861 · Cited by 38
Kasvosve, I., Gomo, Z. A. R., Nathoo, K., Matibe, P., Mudenge, B., Loyevsky, M., Nekhai, S. A., & Gordeuk, V. R. (2006) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.034 · Cited by 37
Iron-fortified and unfortified cow’s milk: Effects on iron intakes and iron status in young children
Virtanen, M., Svahn, C. J. E., Viinikka, L., Räihä, N. C. R., Siimes, M., & Axelsson, I. E. M. (2001) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2001.tb02796.x · Cited by 37
Challenges in the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency in Children Exposed to High Prevalence of Infections
Aguilar, R., Moraleda, C., Quintó, L., Renom, M., Mussacate, L., Macete, E., Aguilar, J. L., Alonso, P. L., & Menéndez, C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050584 · Cited by 37
“The TfR-F index has been suggested as a useful parameter for the identification of iron depletion even in settings with high infection pressure [18], and it was shown to be the best predictor of bone marrow iron stores deficiency in a previous report [22].”
BackgroundEmerging therapeutic options for celiac disease: potential alternatives to a gluten-free diet.
Bakshi, A. K., Stephen, S., Borum, M. L., & Doman, D. B. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 36
Iron isotopic composition of blood serum in anemia of chronic kidney disease
Anoshkina, Y., Costas‐Rodríguez, M., Speeckaert, M. M., Biesen, W. V., Delanghe, J., & Vanhaecke, F. (2017) · Metallomics · doi:10.1039/c7mt00021a · Cited by 37
Torino, A. B. B., Gilberti, M. D. F. P., da Costa, E., de Lima, G. A. F. M., & Grotto, H. Z. W. (2015) · Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia · doi:10.1016/j.bjhh.2015.02.004 · Cited by 36
Margetić, S., Topić, E., Ferenec-Ružić, D., & Kvaternik, M. (2005) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2005.056 · Cited by 36
Evaluation of iron deficiency in young women in relation to oral contraceptive use
Casabellata, G., Santolo, M. D., Banfi, G., Stel, G., Gonano, F., & Cauci, S. (2007) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.04.016 · Cited by 36
“In a study in which the gold standard for ID evaluation was bone marrow iron, the sTfR-F index was more sensitive and specific than sTfR or ferritin itself [24].”
BackgroundInfluentialKrafft, A., Perewusnyk, G., Hänseler, E., Quack, K., Huch, R., & Breymann, C. (2005) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00301.x · Cited by 35
“5) [2–43] 19.”
Hennigar, S. R., Berryman, C. E., Harris, M. N., Karl, J. P., Lieberman, H. R., McClung, J. P., Rood, J. C., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz316 · Cited by 36
Strategies for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Some Common Causes of Anaemia in Elderly Patients
Joosten, E. (2004) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000075555 · Cited by 35
Metadata
- Authors
- Punnonen, K., Irjala, K., & Rajamäki, A.
- Affiliations
- Turku University Hospital (FI)
- From the Central Laboratory, Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Hospital of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 1997-02-01
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1052-1057
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- OpenAlex
- W1924847619
- Cited by
- 859
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 13.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hematological disorders and diagnostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Erythropoietin and Anemia Treatment
- Keywords
- serum transferrin receptor, serum ferritin, iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, iron depletion, diagnostic accuracy, inflammatory diseases
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anemia, Blood Cell Count, Bone Marrow, Chronic Disease, Female, Ferritins, Humans, Iron, Male, Receptors, Transferrin, Staining and Labeling, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
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