“Best fit” framework synthesis: refining the method
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BACKGROUND: Following publication of the first worked example of the "best fit" method of evidence synthesis for the systematic review of qualitative evidence in this journal, the originators of the method identified a need to specify more fully some aspects of this particular derivative of framework synthesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: We therefore present a second such worked example in which all techniques are defined and explained, and their appropriateness is assessed. Specified features of the method include the development of new techniques to identify theories in a systematic manner; the creation of an a priori framework for the synthesis; and the "testing" of the synthesis. An innovative combination of existing methods of quality assessment, analysis and synthesis is used to complete the process. This second worked example was a qualitative evidence synthesis of employees' views of workplace smoking cessation interventions, in which the "best fit" method was found to be practical and fit for purpose. CONCLUSIONS: The method is suited to producing context-specific conceptual models for describing or explaining the decision-making and health behaviours of patients and other groups. It offers a pragmatic means of conducting rapid qualitative evidence synthesis and generating programme theories relating to intervention effectiveness, which might be of relevance both to researchers and policy-makers.
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The analysis utilized a priori concepts and their definitions, but new themes were created inductively where data were not accommodated by the framework to avoid forcing data into prescribed categories.
“While the analysis utilized a priori concepts and their definitions, new themes were also created inductively where data were not accommodated by the framework to avoid forcing data into prescribed categories [21].”
From Towards defining quality in home care for persons living with dementia (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
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- Authors
- Carroll, C., Booth, A., Leaviss, J., & Rick, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Carroll, Christopher
- Venue
- BMC Medical Research Methodology
- Published
- 2013-03-13
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 37-37
- ISSN
- 1471-2288 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3618126
- OpenAlex
- W2168814190
- Cited by
- 649
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Medical Research Methodology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- British Occupational Health Research Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- framework synthesis, qualitative evidence synthesis, program theory, intervention effectiveness, conceptual model, health behavior
- MeSH terms
- Decision Making, Health Promotion, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Research Design, Health Behavior, Evidence-Based Medicine, Benchmarking, Qualitative Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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