Systematic searching for theory to inform systematic reviews: is it feasible? Is it desirable?
Abstract
Background: In recognising the potential value of theory in understanding how interventions work comes a challenge – how to make identification of theory less haphazard? Objectives: To explore the feasibility of systematic identification of theory. Method: We searched PubMed for published reviews (1998–2012) that had explicitly sought to identify theory. Systematic searching may be characterised by a structured question, methodological filters and an itemised search procedure. We constructed a template (BeHEMoTh – Behaviour of interest; Health context; Exclusions; Models or Theories) for use when systematically identifying theory. The authors tested the template within two systematic reviews. Results: Of 34 systematic reviews, only 12 reviews (35%) reported a method for identifying theory. Nineteen did not specify how they identified studies containing theory. Data were unavailable for three reviews. Candidate terms include concept(s)/conceptual, framework(s), model(s), and theory/theories/theoretical. Information professionals must overcome inadequate reporting and the use of theory out of context. The review team faces an additional concern in lack of ‘theory fidelity’. Conclusions: Based on experience with two systematic reviews, the BeHEMoTh template and procedure offers a feasible and useful approach for identification of theory. Applications include realist synthesis, framework synthesis or review of complex interventions. The procedure requires rigorous evaluation.
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The search strategy used the BeHEMoTh framework to inform the search protocol and build a list of names of knowledge translation theories, models and frameworks.
“To develop a more systematic approach to searching this subject area, we employed a new, iterative approach called the BeHEMoTh (Behavior of interest; Health context; Exclusions; Models or Theories) framework [24] to inform our search protocol and to build a list of names of KT theories, models and frameworks.”
From Scoping review identifies significant number of knowledge translation theories, models, and frameworks with limited use (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
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Krause, K. R., Courtney, D., Chan, B. W. C., Bonato, S., Aitken, M., Relihan, J., Prebeg, M., Darnay, K., Hawke, L. D., Watson, P., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03260-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Kunonga, P., Hanratty, B., Bower, P., & Craig, D. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.02.013 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Booth, A. (2018) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732318808247 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationNHS Health Check programme: a protocol for a realist review
Duddy, C., Wong, G., Gadsby, E. W., Krska, J., & Hibberd, V. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048937 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A QuESt for speed: rapid qualitative evidence syntheses as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic
Biesty, L., Meskell, P., Glenton, C., Delaney, H., Smalle, M., Booth, A., Chan, X. H. S., Devane, D., & Houghton, C. (2020) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01512-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationA Tailored Approach: A model for literature searching in complex systematic reviews
Cooper, C., Booth, A., Husk, K., Lovell, R., Frost, J., Schauberger, U., Britten, N., & Garside, R. (2022) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/01655515221114452 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationHaber, T. S. W., Hinman, R. S., Dobson, F., Bunzli, S., Hilton, A., & Hall, M. (2022) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002792 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Qualitative Evidence Synthesis
Booth, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4068-9_15 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationHunter, R. L., Beattie, M., O’Malley, C., & Gorely, T. (2023) · PEC Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.pecinn.2023.100175 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Coleman, S., Wright, J. M., Nixon, J., Schoonhoven, L., Twiddy, M., & Greenhalgh, J. (2020) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-020-01084-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Handerer, F., Kinderman, P., Shafti, M., & Tai, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.848556 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Weber, P., Birkholz, L., Kohler, S., Helsper, N., Dippon, L., Rütten, A., Pfeifer, K., & Semrau, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084773 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
O’Donovan, M.-A., McCallion, P., McCarron, M., Lynch, L., Mannan, H., & Byrne, E. (2019) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.12900.1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Quasdorf, T., Clack, L., Uribe, F. L., Holle, D., Berwig, M., Purwins, D., Schultes, M.-T., & Roes, M. (2021) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01825-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Holistic Life-Crafting Model: a systematic literature review of meaning-making behaviors
van Zyl, L. E., Custers, N. C. M., Dik, B. J., van der Vaart, L., & Klibert, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1271188 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Bosongo, S., Belrhiti, Z., Ekofo, J., Kabanga, C., Chenge, F. M., Criel, B., & Marchal, B. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071344 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Lyons-Rahilly, T., Meskell, P., Carey, E., Meade, E., Sullivan, D. O., & Coffey, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296384 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Godinho, M. A., Ashraf, M. M., Narasimhan, P., & Liaw, S. (2023) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105174 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Theoretical Backbone of Library and Information Science: A Quest
Roy, B. K., & Mukhopadhyay, P. (2023) · LIBER Quarterly The Journal of the Association of European Research Libraries · doi:10.53377/lq.13269 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Schmid‐Mohler, G., Caress, A., Spirig, R., & Yorke, J. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13968 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Aldawood, A. S., Hind, D., Rushton, S., & Field, B. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080633 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Participation in the digital transformation of healthcare: a review of qualitative studies
Wieslander, L., Bäckström, I., & Häggström, M. (2024) · International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance · doi:10.1108/ijhcqa-03-2024-0021 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Interpersonal touch interventions for patients in intensive care: A design‐oriented realist review
Harris, S. J., Papathanassoglou, E. D. E., Gee, M., Hampshaw, S. M., Lindgren, L., & Haywood, A. (2018) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.200 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Robinson, M., Aventin, Á., Hanratty, J., Ruane‐McAteer, E., Tomlinson, M., Clarke, M. J., Okonofua, F. E., & Lohan, M. (2021) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-021-01173-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ndlovu, S., & Woldegiorgis, E. T. (2024) · Transformation in Higher Education · doi:10.4102/the.v9i0.412 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Reith‐Hall, E. (2022) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-022-02125-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Causal chain analysis in systematic reviews of international development interventions
Kneale, D., Thomas, J., Bangpan, M., Waddington, H. S., & Gough, D. (2018) · doi:10.51744/cip4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Menear, M., Gervais, M., Careau, E., Chouinard, M., Cloutier, G., Delorme, A., Dogba, M. J., Dugas, M., Gagnon, M., Gilbert, M., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012949 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Neoliberalism in South African higher education language policy: A decolonial perspective
Munyaradzi, J. (2024) · Transformation in Higher Education · doi:10.4102/the.v9i0.395 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Brooks, C., Mirzoev, T. N., Chowdhury, D., Deuri, S. P., & Madill, A. (2023) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czad038 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Davies, F., Wood, F., Bullock, A. D., Wallace, C. A., & Edwards, A. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014575 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Conceptual Factors That Support Safety Behaviors Among Abuse Survivors: A Literature Review
Burke, J. G., O’Malley, T. L., Folb, B. L., Hagen, C. A., & Rabinovich, B. A. (2019) · Partner Abuse · doi:10.1891/1946-6560.10.4.452 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Knowledge for Healthcare: the future of health librarianship
Bryant, S. L., Stewart, D. C., Goswami, L., & Grant, M. J. (2015) · Health Information & Libraries Journal · doi:10.1111/hir.12119 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Harkin, K., Sørensen, J. R., & Thomas, S. (2024) · International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care · doi:10.1017/s026646232300274x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gentles, S. J., McLaughlin, J., & Schneider, M. A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312391 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Blake, J., Peryer, G., Dance, R., Parke, S., Aryankhesal, A., & Farquhar, M. C. (2025) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2025.2450603 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Moncada-Morales, G. A., Verichev, K., López-Guerrero, R. E., & Carpio, M. (2025) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci9090361 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Literature Reviews: Key Considerations and Tips From Knowledge Synthesis Librarians
Parker, R. M. N., & Sikora, L. (2022) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-21-01114.1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Masset, E., Malhotra, S. K., Gupta, N., Bhandari, R., White, H., MacDonald, H. R., Puskur, R., Singaraju, N., & Waddington, H. S. (2023) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1334 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A systematic scoping review and synthesis of dementia and communication theory
Ennis, L., Mansell, W., McEvoy, P., & Tai, S. (2017) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301217744069 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Carroll, C., Booth, A., & Cuevas, D. C. (2023) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13654 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationNguyen, H., Rahman, A., Ubell, A., Goodarzi, Z., Maxwell, C. J., Allana, S., Tate, K., Symonds‐Brown, H., Weeks, L. E., Caspar, S., et al. (2024) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-024-02683-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Evans, C., Clancy, G., Evans, K., Booth, A., Nazmeen, B., Timmons, S., Sunney, C., Clowes, M., Jones, N. W., & Spiby, H. (2024) · Journal of research in nursing · doi:10.1177/17449871241226911 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationKhany, R., & Kamalvand, A. (2022) · Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language--TESL-EJ · doi:10.55593/ej.25100a2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chambers, D., Cantrell, A. J., & Booth, A. (2020) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr08020 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationNikonorova, E. V., & Shibaeva, E. А. (2020) · Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] · doi:10.25281/0869-608x-2020-69-2-119-134 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Evans, C., Clancy, G., Evans, K., Booth, A., Nazmeen, B., Sunney, C., Clowes, M., Jones, N. W., Timmons, S., & Spiby, H. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079153 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Booth, A., & Carroll, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Booth, Andrew
- Venue
- Health Information & Libraries Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-06-11
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 220-235
- ISSN
- 1471-1834 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-1842
- OpenAlex
- W1935977214
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Information & Libraries Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
- Keywords
- systematic reviews, search strategy design, realist synthesis, framework synthesis, complex interventions, reporting quality
- MeSH terms
- Abstracting and Indexing, Humans, Review Literature as Topic, Databases, Bibliographic, Information Storage and Retrieval
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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