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Epidemiology and trends for Caesarean section births in New South Wales, Australia: A population-based study
Open accessAbstract
Background: Caesarean section (CS) rates around the world have been increasing and in Australia have reached 30% of all births. Robson's Ten-Group Classification System (10-group classification) provides a clinically relevant classification of CS rates that provides a useful basis for international comparisons and trend analyses. This study aimed to investigate trends in CS rates in New South Wales (NSW), including trends in the components of the 10-group classification. Methods: We undertook a cross-sectional study using data from the Midwives Data Collection, a state-wide surveillance system that monitors patterns of pregnancy care, services and pregnancy outcomes in New South Wales, Australia. The study population included all women giving birth between 1 st January 1998 and 31st December 2008. Descriptive statistics are presented including age-standardised CS rates, annual percentage change as well as regression analyses. Results: From 1998 to 2008 the CS rate in NSW increased from 19.1 to 29.5 per 100 births. There was a significant average annual increase in primary 4.3% (95%CI 3.0-5.7%) and repeat 4.8% (95% CI 3.9-5.7%) CS rates from 1998 to 2008. After adjusting for maternal and pregnancy factors, the increase in CS delivery over time was maintained. When examining CS rates classified according to the 10-group classification, the greatest contributors to the overall CS rate and the largest annual increases occurred among nulliparae at term having elective CS and multipara having elective repeat CS. Conclusions: Given that the increased CS rate cannot be explained by known and collected maternal or pregnancy characteristics, the increase may be related to differences in clinical decision making or maternal request. Future efforts to reduce the overall CS rate should be focussed on reducing the primary CS rate.
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“growth that cannot be explained by increases in obstetric risk factors, including those associated with delayed and multiple infant pregnancy and maternal obesity3–6”
From The relation between cesarean birth and child cognitive development (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
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Cites
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“3) [33] but lower than that reported in the USA (31.”
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“This is in contrast to the USA where increases appear to be similar across all gestational age categories [4].”
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“Previous research has highlighted potential reasons for the increasing CS rate including maternal request [14,15] and associated ethical and litigious issues, [15-17] obesity [18,19] and increasing maternal age [20-22].”
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“The decision to perform a primary CS has important implications for maternal morbidity in the current pregnancy and mode of delivery and maternal morbidity in subsequent pregnancies [11-13].”
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“Such research has demonstrated that primary CS rates appear to be unrelated to the medical risk profile of mothers, and change in a similar pattern to the overall CS rates [23].”
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BackgroundElective Primary Cesarean Delivery
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“Previous research has highlighted potential reasons for the increasing CS rate including maternal request [14, 15 ] and associated ethical and litigious issues, [15-17] obesity [18,19] and increasing maternal age [20-22].”
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“In addition the relationship between 10-group classification categories and overall CS rate for each hospital group was examined using linear regression analyses [27].”
MethodResultInfluentialCaesarean section: the paradox
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Indications for cesarean deliveries in Norway
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“The lack of explanation of the increased CS rate by known maternal or pregnancy characteristics in this study is similar to findings from a population-based study conducted in Western Australia [34].”
BackgroundResultPregnancy outcomes in women of very advanced maternal age
Callaway, L. K., Lust, K. M. C., & McIntyre, D. H. (2005) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1479-828x.2005.00333.x · Cited by 117 · cited 1×
“Previous research has highlighted potential reasons for the increasing CS rate including maternal request [14,15] and associated ethical and litigious issues, [15-17] obesity [18,19] and increasing maternal age [20-22].”
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“The decision to perform a primary CS has important implications for maternal morbidity in the current pregnancy and mode of delivery and maternal morbidity in subsequent pregnancies [11-13].”
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Planned elective cesarean section: A reasonable choice for some women?
Hannah, M. E. (2004) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.1032002 · Cited by 97 · cited 1×
“Previous research has highlighted potential reasons for the increasing CS rate including maternal request [14,15] and associated ethical and litigious issues, [15-17] obesity [18,19] and increasing maternal age [20-22].”
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“Previous research has highlighted potential reasons for the increasing CS rate including maternal request [14,15] and associated ethical and litigious issues, [15-17] obesity [18,19] and increasing maternal age [ 20-22 ].”
BackgroundTrends in induction of labour, 1998–2007: A population‐based study
Mealing, N. M., Roberts, C., Ford, J. B., Simpson, J. M., & Morris, J. M. (2009) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1479-828x.2009.01086.x · Cited by 93 · cited 1×
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Indications associated with increased cesarean section rates in a Swedish hospital
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“It has been used in single-institution studies, jurisdictional and national registries and recently with international comparisons [2,5,8,27-29].”
MethodA new way of looking at Caesarean section births
McCarthy, F. P., Rigg, L. I., Louisa, C. A. D. Y., & Cullinane, F. (2007) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1479-828x.2007.00753.x · Cited by 76 · cited 5×
“Caesarean section (CS) rates around the world have been increasing, with current rates in Australia comparable to other industrialised nations such as United States and Canada [1-8].”
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“Previous research has highlighted potential reasons for the increasing CS rate including maternal request [14,15] and associated ethical and litigious issues, [15-17] obesity [18,19] and increasing maternal age [20-22].”
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“This research has been hampered by reliance on recording of factors indicating medical risk, many of which may be underestimated using reported data [6,24,25].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTrends and determinants of caesarean sections births in Queensland, 1997–2006
Howell, S. C., Johnston, T. C., & MacLeod, S. (2009) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1479-828x.2009.01100.x · Cited by 53 · cited 2×
“It has been used in single-institution studies, jurisdictional and national registries and recently with international comparisons [2,5,8,27-29].”
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“Previous research has highlighted potential reasons for the increasing CS rate including maternal request [14,15] and associated ethical and litigious issues, [15-17] obesity [18,19] and increasing maternal age [20-22].”
BackgroundSurveillance of Cesarean Section Deliveries, New Jersey, 1999–2004
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Self-citationTwin deliveries and place of birth in NSW 2001–2005
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“Hospitals were grouped according to the level of obstetric care provided: small rural (care provided by general practitioners and midwives), district (care available from rostered specialist obstetricians), tertiary obstetric (tertiary obstetric care with or without tertiary neonatal care), and private hospitals [30].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Vogel, J. P., Betrán, A. P., Vindevoghel, N., Souza, J. P., Torloni, M. R., Zhang, J., Tunçalp, Ö., Mori, R., Morisaki, N., Ortiz‐Panozo, E., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(15)70094-x · Cited by 1,038
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“Multiple definitions were used for what is considered a ‘‘birth’’ and therefore which pregnant women can be included in the classification [13,21,23,27,33,41,45,54,59] (see Table 5).”
BackgroundMethodMethods of achieving and maintaining an appropriate caesarean section rate
Robson, M. S., Hartigan, L., & Murphy, M. (2012) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.09.004 · Cited by 246
Drivers of maternity care in high-income countries: can health systems support woman-centred care?
Shaw, D., Guise, J., Shah, N. T., Gemzell‐Danielsson, K., Joseph, K. S., Levy, B. S., Wong, F., Woodd, S., & Main, E. K. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31527-6 · Cited by 237
The relation between cesarean birth and child cognitive development
Polidano, C., Zhu, A., & Bornstein, J. C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10831-y · Cited by 119
Metadata
- Authors
- Stavrou, E. P., Ford, J. B., Shand, A. W., Morris, J. M., & Roberts, C. L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Ford, Jane B
- Venue
- BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
- Published
- 2011-01-20
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8-8
- ISSN
- 1471-2393 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3037931
- OpenAlex
- W2085744854
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 18.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (573122)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Pain Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Keywords
- cesarean section rate, primary cesarean section, repeat cesarean section, elective cesarean section, nulliparous women, multiparous women, term pregnancy, clinical decision-making, New South Wales
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cesarean Section, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Maternal Age, Middle Aged, New South Wales, Parity, Pregnancy, Regression Analysis, Elective Surgical Procedures, Cesarean Section, Repeat, Young Adult
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