Intimate partner abuse before and during pregnancy as risk factors for postpartum mental health problems
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Although research has established the profound effects that intimate partner abuse can have on postpartum mental health, little is known regarding how this association may change as a function of the timing and type of abuse. This study examined associations of psychological, physical and sexual abuse experienced as adults before and during pregnancy with symptoms of postpartum mental health problems in a non-clinical sample of women. METHODS: English-speaking mothers aged 18 years and older in the metropolitan area of a large, Western Canadian city were recruited to participate in a study of women's health after pregnancy. The study was advertised in hospitals, local newspapers, community venues, and relevant websites. One-hundred women completed standardized, self-report questionnaires during semi-structured interviews conducted by female research assistants at approximately 2 months postpartum. In addition to questions about their general health and well-being, participants answered questions about their experiences of intimate partner abuse and about their mental health during the postpartum period. RESULTS: Almost two-thirds (61.0%) of women reported postpartum mental health symptoms above normal levels, with 47.0% reporting symptoms at moderate or higher levels. The majority reported some form of intimate partner abuse before pregnancy (84.0%) and more than two-thirds (70.0%), during pregnancy; however, the abuse was typically minor in nature. Multivariate models revealed that women who experienced intimate partner abuse-whether before or during pregnancy-reported higher levels of postpartum mental health problems; however, associations differed as a function of the timing and type of abuse, as well as specific mental health symptoms. Multivariate models also showed that as the number of types of intimate partner abuse experienced increased, so did the negative effects on postpartum mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study provide further evidence that intimate partner abuse is a risk factor for postpartum mental health problems. They also underscore the complex risks and needs associated with intimate partner abuse among postpartum women and support the use of integrated approaches to treating postpartum mental health problems. Future efforts should focus on the extent to which strategies designed to reduce intimate partner abuse also improve postpartum mental health and vice versus.
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Five additional studies on depression found a non-significant association between psychological violence and depression.
“Another 37 studies examined the association between psychological violence and depression; twenty-nine of the identified studies found a significant association [13, 34, 35, 39, 42, 45–47, 49, 53–73], while five studies found a non-significant association [50, 74–77].”
From The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: a systematic review with meta-analyses (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
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- Authors
- Desmarais, S. L., Pritchard, A., Lowder, E. M., & Janssen, P. A.
- Affiliations
- North Carolina State University (US)
- Simon Fraser University (CA)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Desmarais, Sarah L
- Venue
- BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
- Published
- 2014-04-07
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 132-132
- ISSN
- 1471-2393 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3991915
- OpenAlex
- W2038541970
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 5.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- cIRcle (University of British Columbia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Summit (Simon Fraser University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Collections
- Funders
- American Psychological Association
- North Carolina State University
- Michael Smith Health Research BC
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30DA028807)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Keywords
- intimate partner violence, postpartum mental health, pregnancy, psychological violence, physical abuse, sexual abuse, risk factors, postpartum depression, postpartum anxiety
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, British Columbia, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Sexual Partners, Socioeconomic Factors, Spouse Abuse, Women's Health, Battered Women, Depression, Postpartum, Postpartum Period, Young Adult, Self Report
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