The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
All-cause mortality among people with serious mental illness (SMI), substance use disorders, and depressive disorders in southeast London: a cohort study.
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Higher mortality has been found for people with serious mental illness (SMI, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders, and bipolar affective disorder) at all age groups. Our aim was to characterize vulnerable groups for excess mortality among people with SMI, substance use disorders, depressive episode, and recurrent depressive disorder. METHODS: A case register was developed at the South London and Maudsley National Health Services Foundation Trust (NHS SLAM), accessing full electronic clinical records on over 150,000 mental health service users as a well-defined cohort since 2006. The Case Register Interactive Search (CRIS) system enabled searching and retrieval of anonymised information since 2008. Deaths were identified by regular national tracing returns after 2006. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for the period 2007 to 2009 using SLAM records for this period and the expected number of deaths from age-specific mortality statistics for the England and Wales population in 2008. Data were stratified by gender, ethnicity, and specific mental disorders. RESULTS: A total of 31,719 cases, aged 15 years old or more, active between 2007-2009 and with mental disorders of interest prior to 2009 were detected in the SLAM case register. SMRs were 2.15 (95% CI: 1.95-2.36) for all SMI with genders combined, 1.89 (1.64-2.17) for women and 2.47 (2.17-2.80) for men. In addition, highest mortality risk was found for substance use disorders (SMR = 4.17; 95% CI: 3.75-4.64). Age- and gender-standardised mortality ratios by ethnic group revealed huge fluctuations, and SMRs for all disorders diminished in strength with age. The main limitation was the setting of secondary mental health care provider in SLAM. CONCLUSIONS: Substantially higher mortality persists in people with serious mental illness, substance use disorders and depressive disorders. Furthermore, mortality risk differs substantially with age, diagnosis, gender and ethnicity. Further research into specific risk groups is required.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, in a sensitivity analysis of SMR data, the use of London comparators did not meaningfully change findings [23].”
From Life Expectancy at Birth for People with Serious Mental Illness and Other Major Disorders from a Secondary Mental Health Care Case Register in London (2011) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We reported excess mortality for people with diagnoses of SMI, as well as for depressive and substance use disorders, drawing on data from the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Biomedical Research Centre (SLAM BRC) Case Register, which covers comprehensive secondary mental healthcare provision to a large geographically defined community, by standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) [23].”
From Life Expectancy at Birth for People with Serious Mental Illness and Other Major Disorders from a Secondary Mental Health Care Case Register in London (2011) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Saha, S., Chant, D., & McGrath, J. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1123 · Cited by 2,065
Tiihonen, J., Lönnqvist, J., Wahlbeck, K., Klaukka, T., Niskanen, L., Tanskanen, A., & Haukka, J. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60742-x · Cited by 1,354
(2006) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,299
The unhealthy lifestyle of people with schizophrenia
Brown, S., Birtwistle, J., ROE, L., & THOMPSON, C. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798008186 · Cited by 880
Excess mortality of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis
Brown, S. (1997) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.171.6.502 · Cited by 869
Schizophrenia and suicide: Systematic review of risk factors
Hawton, K. E., Sutton, L., Haw, C., Sinclair, J., & Deeks, J. J. (2005) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.187.1.9 · Cited by 808
A systematic review of the mortality of depression
Wulsin, L. R., Vaillant, G. E., & Wells, V. E. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199901000-00003 · Cited by 703
Osborn, D. P. J., Levy, G., Nazareth, I., Petersen, I., Islam, A., & King, M. B. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.242 · Cited by 608
Stewart, R., Soremekun, M., Perera, G., Broadbent, M., Callard, F., Denis, M., Hotopf, M., Thornicroft, G., & Lovestone, S. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-51 · Cited by 445
Serious mental illness and physical health problems: A discussion paper
Robson, D., & Gray, R. (2007) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.07.013 · Cited by 411
Auquier, P., Lançon, C., Rouillon, F., Lader, M., & Holmes, C. (2006) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.1325 · Cited by 249 · cited 2×
“Preliminary strategies for preventing premature deaths among people with SMI have been proposed, including the management of suicide risk and physical illness, minimizing polypharmacy, and improving accessibility to physical health care [1].”
BackgroundKuh, D. J., Hardy, R., Langenberg, C., Richards, M., & Wadsworth, M. E. J. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7372.1076 · Cited by 249
Influence of antipsychotics on mortality in schizophrenia: systematic review
Weinmann, S., Read, J., & Aderhold, V. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.05.018 · Cited by 224
Time trends in schizophrenia mortality in Stockholm county, Sweden: cohort study
Osby, U. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7259.483 · Cited by 220
The effects of undertreated chronic medical illnesses in patients with severe mental disorders.
Fagiolini, A., & Goracci, A. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.7075su1c.04 · Cited by 205
Risk of cardiovascular disease and sudden death in schizophrenia.
Davidson, M. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 128
Sudden cardiac death secondary to antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs
Sicouri, S., & Antzelevitch, C. N. (2008) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1517/14740338.7.2.181 · Cited by 120
Childhood cognitive ability and deaths up until middle age: a post-war birth cohort study
Kuh, D. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh043 · Cited by 120
Suicide and other causes of mortality in bipolar disorder: a longitudinal study
DUTTA, R., BOYDELL, J., KENNEDY, N., VAN OS, J., FEARON, P., & MURRAY, R. M. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707000347 · Cited by 107
Schizophrenia and sudden cardiac death—A review
Koponen, H., Alaräisänen, A., Saari, K., Pelkonen, O., Huikuri, H. V., Raatikainen, M. J. P., Savolainen, M. J., & Isohanni, M. K. (2008) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480801959323 · Cited by 103
Haukka, J. K., Tiihonen, J., Härkänen, T., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (2008) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.1579 · Cited by 87
Suicide and severe mental illnesses. Cohort study within the UK general practice research database
Osborn, D., Levy, G., Nazareth, I., & King, M. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.11.025 · Cited by 86
Ward, A. J., Ishak, K. J., Proskorovsky, I., & Caro, J. J. (2006) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.11.002 · Cited by 83
Baxter, D. N. (1996) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.168.6.772 · Cited by 81
Keown, P., Mercer, G., & Scott, J. L. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a1837 · Cited by 74
Obstacles to effective treatment of depression: a general practice perspective
Telford, R. (2002) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/19.1.45 · Cited by 69
McCormick, B. A., Blum, N. S., Hansel, R., Franklin, J. A., John, D. S., PFOHL, B. M., Allen, J., & Black, D. W. (2007) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.05.005 · Cited by 67
McGirr, A., & Turecki, G. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.09.009 · Cited by 55
Comparing Acute Toxicity of First- and Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs
Ciranni, M. A., Kearney, T. E., & Olson, K. R. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04315 · Cited by 37
(2016) · Health at a glance. Asia/Pacific · doi:10.1787/health_glance_ap-2016-graph4-en · Cited by 35
Cape, J. D., & Parham, A. (2001) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1348/000711201160948 · Cited by 11
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Firth, J., Siddiqi, N., Koyanagi, A., Siskind, D., Rosenbaum, S., Galletly, C., Allan, S., Caneo, C., Carney, R., Carvalho, A. F., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30132-4 · Cited by 1,531
Multimorbidity and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Read, J. R., Sharpe, L., Modini, M., & Dear, B. F. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.009 · Cited by 869
Epidemiology and treatment of depression in patients with chronic medical illness
J. Katon, W. (2011) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2011.13.1/wkaton · Cited by 820
Chang, C.-K., Hayes, R. D., Perera, G., Broadbent, M. T. M., Fernandes, A. C., Lee, W. E., Hotopf, M., & Stewart, R. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019590 · Cited by 714
“In previous analyses of these cohorts, raised standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) had been described [23], although the picture was less dramatic because SMRs reflect less well the impact of premature mortality at earlier life stages.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationComorbidities and Mortality in Bipolar Disorder: A Swedish National Cohort Study
Crump, C., Sundquist, K., Winkleby, M. A., & Sundquist, J. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1394 · Cited by 677
Metadata
- Authors
- Chang, C.-K., Hayes, R. D., Broadbent, M., Fernandes, A. C., Lee, W., Hotopf, M., & Stewart, R.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Chang, Chin-Kuo
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Psychiatry
- Published
- 2010-09-30
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-77
- ISSN
- 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2958993
- OpenAlex
- W2021645266
- Cited by
- 258
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 17.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0507-10088)
- King's College London
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Keywords
- all-cause mortality, severe mental illness, substance use disorders, depressive disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, standardized mortality ratio, ethnic differences in mortality, gender differences in mortality, age differences in mortality, mental health service users
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Cause of Death, Depressive Disorder, England, Female, Humans, London, Male, Middle Aged, Recurrence, Schizophrenia, Wales, Cohort Studies, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
