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A systematic review of the mortality of depression

Wulsin, Lawson R., Vaillant, George E., Wells, Victoria E.·1999·Psychosomatic Medicine
DOI 10.1097/00006842-199901000-00003
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The literature on the mortality of depression was assessed with respect to five issues: 1) strength of evidence for increased mortality, 2) controlling for mediating factors, 3) the contribution of suicide, 4) variation across sample types, and 5) possible mechanisms. METHOD: All relevant English language databases from 1966 to 1996 were searched for reviews and studies that included 1) a formal assessment of depressive symptoms or disorders, 2) death rates or risks, and 3) an appropriate comparison group. RESULTS: There were 57 studies found; 29 (51%) were positive, 13 (23%) negative, and 15 (26%) mixed. Twenty-one studies (37%) ranked among the better studies on the strength of evidence scale used in this study, but there are too few comparable, well-controlled studies to provide a sound estimate of the mortality risk associated with depression. Only six studies controlled for more than one of the four major mediating factors. Suicide accounted for less than 20% of the deaths in psychiatric samples, and less than 1% in medical and community samples. Depression seems to increase the risk of death by cardiovascular disease, especially in men, but depression does not seem to increase the risk of death by cancer. Variability in methods prevents a more rigorous meta-analysis of risk. CONCLUSION: The studies linking depression to early death are poorly controlled, but they suggest that depression substantially increases the risk of death, especially death by unnatural causes and cardiovascular disease. Future well-controlled studies of high risk groups may guide efforts to develop treatments that reduce the mortality risk of depression.

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Crossref · 10.1097/00006842-199901000-00003

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  • Comorbid depression is often associated with a worse course of physical disorders, partly because depression is often associated with non-adherence to treatment regimens.

    “comorbid depression is often associated with a worse course of the physical disorder.114–116 A number of reasons could be involved here, but one of the most consistently documented is that depression is often associated with non-adherence to treatment regimens.112, 117, 118”

    From The Costs of Depression (2012) · cites this paper as [118]

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Related

Authors
Wulsin, L. R., Vaillant, G. E., & Wells, V. E.
Affiliations
  • University of Cincinnati (US)
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
ORCID
Wulsin, Lawson R.
Venue
Psychosomatic Medicine
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
1999
Volume
61
Issue
1
Pages
6-17
ISSN
0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/00006842-199901000-00003
OpenAlex
W2057242026
Cited by
703
References
73
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 31
FWCI
5.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords
depression, mortality, suicide, cardiovascular disease, cancer mortality, mediators, psychiatric patients, community population, sex differences, risk factors
MeSH terms
Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged

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