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Dose-dependent positive association between cigarette smoking, abdominal obesity and body fat: cross-sectional data from a population-based survey
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Although smokers tend to have a lower body-mass index than non-smokers, smoking may favour abdominal body fat accumulation. To our knowledge, no population-based studies have assessed the relationship between smoking and body fat composition. We assessed the association between cigarette smoking and waist circumference, body fat, and body-mass index. METHODS: Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured among 6,123 Caucasians (ages 35-75) from a cross-sectional population-based study in Switzerland. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥ 102 cm for men and ≥ 88 cm for women. Body fat (percent total body weight) was measured by electrical bioimpedance. Age- and sex-specific body fat cut-offs were used to define excess body fat. Cigarettes smoked per day were assessed by self-administered questionnaire. Age-adjusted means and odds ratios were calculated using linear and logistic regression. RESULTS: Current smokers (29% of men and 24% of women) had lower mean waist circumference, body fat percentage, and body-mass index compared with non-smokers. Age-adjusted mean waist circumference and body fat increased with cigarettes smoked per day among smokers. The association between cigarettes smoked per day and body-mass index was non-significant. Compared with light smokers, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for abdominal obesity in men was 1.28 (0.78-2.10) for moderate smokers and 1.94 (1.15-3.27) for heavy smokers (P = 0.03 for trend), and 1.07 (0.72-1.58) and 2.15 (1.26-3.64) in female moderate and heavy smokers, respectively (P < 0.01 for trend). Compared with light smokers, the OR for excess body fat in men was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.58-1.92) for moderate smokers and 1.15 (0.60-2.20) for heavy smokers (P = 0.75 for trend) and 1.34 (0.89-2.00) and 2.11 (1.25-3.57), respectively in women (P = 0.07 for trend). CONCLUSION: Among smokers, cigarettes smoked per day were positively associated with central fat accumulation, particularly in women.
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“It has been shown that body weight is negatively associated with long-term CS [34,35,36].”
From An Overlooked Bone Metabolic Disorder: Cigarette Smoking-Induced Osteoporosis (2022) · cites this paper as [35]
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“In fact, several studies in the literature have shown that there is an inverse relationship between smoking and body weight [22,23,24].”
From Skeletal System Biology and Smoke Damage: From Basic Science to Medical Clinic (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
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“Fifth, in our survey, former smoking was not defined according to time since quitting (smokers who have quit smoking for 6 months or more) as suggested by the literature [40], therefore, this category might include smokers who recently quit and in whom metabolic changes might not have occurred yet.”
BackgroundActive Smoking and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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Self-citationConsequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance
Chiolero, A., Faeh, D., Paccaud, F., & Cornuz, J. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.4.801 · Cited by 1,192
Self-citationCryer, P. E., Haymond, M. W., Santiago, J. V., & Shah, S. D. (1976) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197609092951101 · Cited by 1,101 · cited 1×
“Indeed, several studies have shown that nicotine leads to insulin resistance [28,29], has an anti-estrogenic effect [30], and increases the level of stress hormones like cortisol [31].”
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Justice, A. E., Winkler, T. W., Feitosa, M. F., Graff, M., Fisher, V. A., Young, K. L., Barata, L., Deng, X., Czajkowski, J., Hadley, D., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14977 · Cited by 204
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Self-citationZyoud, S. H., Daraghmeh, D. N., Mezyed, D. O., Khdeir, R. L., Sawafta, M. N., Ayaseh, N. A., Tabeeb, G. H., Sweileh, W. M., Awang, R., & Al‐Jabi, S. W. (2016) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-016-0257-z · Cited by 141
Metadata
- Authors
- Clair, C., Chiolero, A., Faeh, D., Cornuz, J., Marques-Vidal, P., Paccaud, F., Mooser, V., Waeber, G., & Vollenweider, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (CH)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- GlaxoSmithKline (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Clair, Carole
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2011-01-11
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-23
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3025841
- OpenAlex
- W2011284750
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- IRIS (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (122661)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, abdominal obesity, waist circumference, body fat percentage, body mass index, dose-response relationship, central fat accumulation, sex differences, smoking intensity, excess body fat, middle-aged and older adults, cardiovascular risk factors, smoking cessation, weight gain after quitting smoking, tobacco-related cancer
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Surveys and Questionnaires, Smoking, Switzerland, Body Mass Index, Sex Distribution, Waist Circumference, Obesity, Abdominal
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