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Use of The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a conceptual framework and common language for disability statistics and health information systems
Open accessAbstract
A common framework for describing functional status information is needed in order to make this information comparable and of value. The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), which has been approved by all its member states, provides this common language and framework. The article provides an overview of ICF taxonomy, introduces the conceptual model which underpins ICF and elaborates on how ICF is used at population and clinical level. Furthermore, the article presents key features of the ICF tooling environment and outlines current and future developments of the classification.
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“This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement19 guidelines and was registered at the International prospective register of systematic reviews, PROSPERO, under the identification number CRD42016039393.”
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“For example, it can be used to monitor health status at different ages.(9,10) It also can be used to track responses to interventions over time.”
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“Finally, the domain of interest for OT research must expand from impairments to overall disability as defined by ICF.”
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“The ICF’s bio-psychosocial model broadens the perspective of disability proposing that every person experiences disability at some point in their life.(17) Functioning problems refer to the aspects of disability that affect what one can do or not do at individual level.”
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“Kostanjsek (2011) states that a disability should be seen as, “a complex interaction between the person and their environment” and not as a characterisation of individuals.”
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“The World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health defines disability as a multidimensional construct involving a dynamic interaction between body function and structures, limitations of activity and participation restrictions and also environmental and personal factors as…”
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“an umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions” [8].”
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“According to the ICF-CY framework, the context domain is important for children (Kostanjsek 2011).”
Khuman, P. R., & Muruganantham, B. (2024) · Indian Journal of Medical Specialities · doi:10.4103/injms.injms_76_23 · Cited by 1
Leypold, T., Bahm, J., Schäfer, B., Beier, J. P., Dißelhorst-Klug, C., & Fonseca-Höflinger, L. C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-72845-7 · Cited by 1
“These domains concern body functions and structures, activity, and participation 5 .”
Kumazawa, Y., TERADA, K., Satonaka, A., Wachi, M., & Kida, N. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13100525 · Cited by 1
dos Santos, J. N., Castro, S. S., Lino, J. A., & Leite, C. F. (2025) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-025-03306-2 · Cited by 1
An overview of quality of life and visual outcomes in AMD
Taylor, D. J., Enoch, J., Jones, L., Higgins, B. E., Binns, A. M., & Crabb, D. P. (2025) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.03.007 · Cited by 1
A Scoping Review of Women with Physical Disabilities and Cervical Cancer Screening
Harper, D. M., Anderson, P. F., James, L. N., Alves, M. L., Ernst, S., McGrady, A., & Kalpakjian, C. Z. (2025) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1177/15409996251374587 · Cited by 1
Crumlish, L., Angwin, A. J., Burton, B., & Wallace, S. J. (2025) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2025_ajslp-24-00516 · Cited by 1
Long-term Impact of Invasive Meningococcal Disease in Australian Adolescents and Young Adults
McMillan, M., Buttery, J. P., Angliss, M., Barton, B., Synn, A., Blyth, C. C., Booy, R., Mathew, S. M., Shaw, D., Gordon, D., et al. (2025) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000004962 · Cited by 1
Aasen, E. M., Kjelsvik, M., Helberget, L. K., & Lyckhage, E. D. (2025) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/13634593251374321 · Cited by 1
“The European Standard on Patient Involvement in Healthcare (Stjernswärd and Glasdam, 2022) highlights the need for further research on the empirical applications of patient participation.”
InfluentialAminparvin, H., Jaiswal, A., Ogedengbe, T. O., Dumassais, S., LOPEZ, R., Prain, M., & Wittich, W. (2025) · British Journal of Visual Impairment · doi:10.1177/02646196251382503 · Cited by 1
la Torre, A. M.-D., Leshetkina, P., Ahanor, O., & Maritz, R. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.112093 · Cited by 1
Alveyn, E., Bechman, K., Adas, M. A., Amlani-Hatcher, P., Dey, M., Gallagher, S., Gibson, M., Jones, B. F., Mehta, D., Norton, S., et al. (2025) · Rheumatology Advances in Practice · doi:10.1093/rap/rkaf149 · Cited by 1
“This finding aligns with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework, which conceptualizes work disability as arising from complex interactions between health conditions, personal factors and environmental contexts [14].”
Hu, Y., Sun, C., Gu, J., Huo, X., Chen, S., Zhao, M., & Li, M. (2026) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2026.01.008 · Cited by 1
Domerchie, P. N., Passchier, M. J., van Wijk, I., Lange, M., van Kammen, K., & van der Sluis, C. K. (2026) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2026.2618926 · Cited by 1
“The ICF framework consists of three main domains to define functioning: (1) body structures and functions, (2) activities, and (3) participation [17].”
Kumar, R., Vedwan, K. K., & Singh, V. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-026-01688-8 · Cited by 2
“This multidimensional lens supports a more clinically grounded interpretation of the transformative role of adaptive sports in trauma recovery [12].”
Schneeberger, T., Jarosch, I., Kroll, D., Gloeckl, R., Schneider, C., Ulm, B., Schwaiblmair, M., Lampert, S., Greulich, T., Schoenherr, I., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open Respiratory Research · doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2026-004177 · Cited by 1
“The primary outcome was the between-group difference in change in physical HRQoL from baseline to 3 weeks post baseline (end of the REHAB or usual care period), as measured by the physical component summary (PCS) of the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) questionnaire.”
Kriščiūnas, A., Jarmalavičiūtė, I., & Malinauskas, Ž. (2015) · Sveikatos mokslai · doi:10.5200/sm-hs.2015.016 · Cited by 1
Salvador‐Carulla, L., Saavedra, J. E., & Gutiérrez-Colosía, M. R. (2012) · The International Journal of Person Centered Medicine · doi:10.5750/ijpcm.v2i2.218 · Cited by 1
Klingler, S., Padden, B., Horridge, K., van Hedel, H. J. A., & Meyer‐Heim, A. (2019) · Praxis · doi:10.1024/1661-8157/a003167 · Cited by 1
Uliana, F., Léon, J.-C., Palombi, O., Rousset, M.-C., & Fauré, F. (2014) · International CAD Conference and Exhibition (CAD) · doi:10.14733/cadconfp.2014.28-30 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kostanjsek, N.
- Affiliations
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Kostanjsek, Nenad
- ORCID
- Kostanjsek, Nenad
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- Suppl 4
- Pages
- S3
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3104216
- OpenAlex
- W2027013776
- Cited by
- 434
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 7
- Type
- conference abstract
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Medical Practices and Rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Medical Coding and Health Information
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Keywords
- International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, disability statistics, health information systems, functional status, conceptual framework, disability classification
- MeSH terms
- Disability Evaluation, Persons with Disabilities, Humans, Information Systems, Vocabulary, Controlled, International Classification of Diseases
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