A multilevel examination of gender differences in the association between features of the school environment and physical activity among a sample of grades 9 to 12 students in Ontario, Canada
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Background: Creating school environments that support student physical activity (PA) is a key recommendation of policy-makers to increase youth PA. Given males are more active than females at all ages, it has been suggested that investigating gender differences in the features of the environment that associate with PA may help to inform gender-focused PA interventions and reduce the gender disparity in PA. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to explore gender differences in the association between factors of the school environment and students' time spent in PA. Methods: Among a sample of 10781 female and 10973 male students in grades 9 to 12 from 76 secondary schools in Ontario, Canada, student- and school-level survey PA data were collected and supplemented with GIS-derived measures of the built environment within 1-km buffers of the 76 schools. Results: Findings from the present study revealed significant differences in the time male and female students spent in PA as well as in some of the school- and student-level factors associated with PA. Results of the gender-specific multilevel analyses indicate schools should consider providing an alternate room for PA, especially for providing flexibility activities directed at female students. Schools should also consider offering daily physical education programming to male students in senior grades and providing PA promotion initiatives targeting obese male students. Conclusions: Although most variation in male and female students' time spent in PA lies between students within schools, there is sufficient between-school variation to be of interest to practitioners and policy-makers. More research investigating gender differentials in environment factors associated with youth PA are warranted.
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In one study, having an 'alternate room for physical activity' was associated with greater activity, even though the total number of facilities was not.
“For example, in one study, having an ‘alternate room for physical activity’ was associated with greater activity, even though the total number of facilities was not 43, 44.”
From The school environment and adolescent physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a mixed-studies systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
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Dambel, L., Levenez, A., Schott, E., Larribaut, J., Estrella, J.-P., & Duché, P. (2026) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.2025-0368
- Authors
- Hobin, E. P., Leatherdale, S. T., Manske, S., Dubin, J. A., Elliott, S., & Veugelers, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Leatherdale, Scott T
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2012-01-24
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 74-74
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3330023
- OpenAlex
- W2171075871
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Care Ontario
- University of Waterloo
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Keywords
- gender differences, physical activity, school environment, built environment, adolescents, high school students, physical education, multilevel analysis, school facilities, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Administrative Personnel, Child, Female, Health Promotion, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Obesity, Ontario, Physical Fitness, Preventive Health Services, Residence Characteristics, School Health Services, Social Environment, Socioeconomic Factors, Students, Time Factors, Body Mass Index, Sex Distribution, Young Adult, Social Participation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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