Vitamin G: effects of green space on health, well-being, and social safety
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Looking out on and being in the green elements of the landscape around us seem to affect health, well-being and feelings of social safety. This article discusses the design of a research program on the effects of green space in the living environment on health, well-being and social safety. METHODS/DESIGN: The program consists of three projects at three different scales: at a macro scale using data on the Netherlands as a whole, at an intermediate scale looking into the specific effect of green space in the urban environment, and at micro scale investigating the effects of allotment gardens. The projects are observational studies, combining existing data on land use and health interview survey data, and collecting new data through questionnaires and interviews. Multilevel analysis and GIS techniques will be used to analyze the data. DISCUSSION: Previous (experimental) research in environmental psychology has shown that a natural environment has a positive effect on well-being through restoration of stress and attentional fatigue. Descriptive epidemiological research has shown a positive relationship between the amount of green space in the living environment and physical and mental health and longevity. The program has three aims. First, to document the relationship between the amount and type of green space in people's living environment and their health, well-being, and feelings of safety. Second, to investigate the mechanisms behind this relationship. Mechanisms relate to exposure (leading to stress reduction and attention restoration), healthy behavior and social integration, and selection. Third, to translate the results into policy on the crossroads of spatial planning, public health, and safety. Strong points of our program are: we study several interrelated dependent variables, in different ordinary settings (as opposed to experimental or extreme settings), focusing on different target groups, using appropriate multilevel methods.
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A regular contact with nature can promote human health and be used as a form of preventive medicine.
“It is therefore increasingly recognized that a regular contact with nature can promote human health and be used as a form of preventive medicine (Groenewegen et al., 2006).”
From Gardening is beneficial for health: A meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Groenewegen et al., 2006
The Background says exposure to views of nature can improve health and well-being, and the Abstract’s Discussion reports a positive relationship between residential green space and physical and mental health. But the paper does not establish regular contact as a preventive-medicine intervention; its Discussion says there is insufficient knowledge to turn the findings into planning guidelines. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Groenewegen, P. P., van den Berg, A. E., de Vries, S., & Verheij, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Groenewegen, Peter P
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2006-06-07
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 149-149
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1513565
- OpenAlex
- W2112407917
- Cited by
- 476
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 7.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Urban Arborization and Environmental Studies
- Keywords
- green spaces, health, well-being, social safety, urban green space, allotment gardens, attention restoration, stress reduction, land use, health behavior, social integration, spatial planning, public health policy, environmental psychology
- MeSH terms
- Attention, City Planning, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environment Design, Environmental Health, Fatigue, Holistic Health, Humans, Mental Health, Netherlands, Plants, Safety, Social Perception, Stress, Psychological, Trees, Urban Health, Program Evaluation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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