Cited by 200Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesDiabetes Management and EducationMental Health Treatment and Access

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Validation of the PHQ-9 as a screening instrument for depression in diabetes patients in specialized outpatient clinics

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van Steenbergen-Weijenburg, Kirsten M, de Vroege, Lars, Ploeger, Robert R, Brals, Jan W, Vloedbeld, Martijn G, Veneman, Thiemo F, Hakkaart-van Roijen, Leona, Rutten, Frans FH, Beekman, Aartjan TF, van der Feltz-Cornelis, Christina M·2010·BMC Health Services Research

DOI 10.1186/1472-6963-10-235PMC PMC2927590

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: For the treatment of depression in diabetes patients, it is important that depression is recognized at an early stage. A screening method for depression is the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9). The aim of this study is to validate the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a screening instrument for depression in diabetes patients in outpatient clinics. METHODS: 197 diabetes patients from outpatient clinics in the Netherlands filled in the PHQ-9. Within 2 weeks they were approached for an interview with the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview. DSM-IV diagnoses of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) were the criterion for which the sensitivity, specificity, positive- and negative predictive values and Receiver Operator Curves (ROC) for the PHQ-9 were calculated. RESULTS: The cut-off point of a summed score of 12 on the PHQ-9 resulted in a sensitivity of 75.7% and a specificity of 80.0%. Predictive values for negative and positive test results were respectively 93.4% and 46.7%. The ROC showed an area under the curve of 0.77. CONCLUSIONS: The PHQ-9 proved to be an efficient and well-received screening instrument for MDD in this sample of diabetes patients in a specialized outpatient clinic. The higher cut-off point of 12 that was needed and somewhat lower sensitivity than had been reported elsewhere may be due to the fact that the patients from a specialized diabetes clinic have more severe pathology and more complications, which could be recognized by the PHQ-9 as depression symptoms, while instead being diabetes symptoms.

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Figure 1 ROC curve for PHQ-9 vs. MINI and Algorithm vs. MINI. (Note: the dotted line is the reference line)CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors: van Steenbergen-Weijenburg, K. M., de Vroege, L., Ploeger, R. R., Brals, J. W., Vloedbeld, M. G., Veneman, T. F., Hakkaart-van Roijen, L., Rutten, F. F., Beekman, A. T., & van der Feltz-Cornelis, C. M.
Affiliations: Ziekenhuis Groep Twente (NL)
Erasmus MC (NL)
Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
ORCID: Beekman, Aartjan TF
Venue: BMC Health Services Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2010-08-12
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Pages: 235-235
ISSN: 1472-6963 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-10-235
PMC: PMC2927590
OpenAlex: W2121827707
Cited by: 200
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 12.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 (tdm)
Locations: BMC Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire, depression screening, diabetes mellitus, major depressive disorder, screening tool validation, sensitivity and specificity, cut-off values
MeSH terms: Aged, Ambulatory Care Facilities, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, False Positive Reactions, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Diabetes Complications

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Validation of the PHQ-9 as a screening instrument for depression in diabetes patients in specialized outpatient clinics

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