The influence of age, gender and socio-economic status on multimorbidity patterns in primary care. First results from the multicare cohort study
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BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity is a phenomenon with high burden and high prevalence in the elderly. Our previous research has shown that multimorbidity can be divided into the multimorbidity patterns of 1) anxiety, depression, somatoform disorders (ADS) and pain, and 2) cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. However, it is not yet known, how these patterns are influenced by patient characteristics. The objective of this paper is to analyze the association of socio-demographic variables, and especially socio-economic status with multimorbidity in general and with each multimorbidity pattern. METHODS: The MultiCare Cohort Study is a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study of 3.189 multimorbid patients aged 65+ randomly selected from 158 GP practices. Data were collected in GP interviews and comprehensive patient interviews. Missing values have been imputed by hot deck imputation based on Gower distance in morbidity and other variables. The association of patient characteristics with the number of chronic conditions is analysed by multilevel mixed-effects linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Multimorbidity in general is associated with age (+0.07 chronic conditions per year), gender (-0.27 conditions for female), education (-0.26 conditions for medium and -0.29 conditions for high level vs. low level) and income (-0.27 conditions per logarithmic unit). The pattern of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders shows comparable associations with a higher coefficient for gender (-1.29 conditions for female), while multimorbidity within the pattern of ADS and pain correlates with gender (+0.79 conditions for female), but not with age or socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that the morbidity load of multimorbid patients is associated with age, gender and the socioeconomic status of the patients, but there were no effects of living arrangements and marital status. We could also show that the influence of patient characteristics is dependent on the multimorbidity pattern concerned, i.e. there seem to be at least two types of elderly multimorbid patients. First, there are patients with mainly cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, who are more often male, have an older age and a lower socio-economic status. Second, there are patients mainly with ADS and pain-related morbidity, who are more often female and equally distributed across age and socio-economic groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN89818205.
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Adults are more likely to have comorbidities that lead to immunodeficiencies and increase the risk of opportunistic infections.
“Fourth, adults are more likely to have comorbidities45, 46 that lead to immunodeficiencies and increase the risk of opportunistic infections.47”
From Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990–2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050 (2024) · cites this paper as [45]
The Conclusions and Discussion report that, among patients aged 65 and older, increasing age was associated with a slightly greater number of chronic conditions. That supports an age-related comorbidity pattern, but the paper does not establish that adults generally are more likely to have comorbidities than children. The separate citation 47, not this source, is attached to the immunodeficiency and opportunistic-infection clause. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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- Authors
- Schäfer, I., Hansen, H., Schön, G., Höfels, S., Altiner, A., Dahlhaus, A., Gensichen, J., Riedel-Heller, S., Weyerer, S., Blank, W. A., König, H.-H., von dem Knesebeck, O., Wegscheider, K., Scherer, M., van den Bussche, H., & Wiese, B.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- University of Rostock (DE)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena (DE)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- Central Institute of Mental Health (DE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schäfer, Ingmar
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Health Services Research
- Published
- 2012-04-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 89-89
- ISSN
- 1472-6963 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3348059
- OpenAlex
- W2156394420
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 19.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Chronic Disease Management Strategies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Primary Care and Health Outcomes
- Keywords
- multimorbidity, multimorbidity patterns, socioeconomic status, gender differences, age, elderly patients, pain, income, primary care
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Chronic Disease, Diagnosis-Related Groups, Family Practice, Female, Germany, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Primary Health Care, Prospective Studies, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Social Class, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Prevalence, International Classification of Diseases
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