The development of a theory-based intervention to promote appropriate disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia
Open accessAbstract
Background: The development and description of interventions to change professional practice are often limited by the lack of an explicit theoretical and empirical basis. We set out to develop an intervention to promote appropriate disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia based on theoretical and empirical work. Methods: We identified three key disclosure behaviours: finding out what the patient already knows or suspects about their diagnosis; using the actual words 'dementia' or 'Alzheimer's disease' when talking to the patient; and exploring what the diagnosis means to the patient. We conducted a questionnaire survey of older peoples' mental health teams (MHTs) based upon theoretical constructs from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and used the findings to identify factors that predicted mental health professionals' intentions to perform each behaviour. We selected behaviour change techniques likely to alter these factors. Results: The change techniques selected were: persuasive communication to target subjective norm; behavioural modelling and graded tasks to target self-efficacy; persuasive communication to target attitude towards the use of explicit terminology when talking to the patient; and behavioural modelling by MHTs to target perceived behavioural control for finding out what the patient already knows or suspects and exploring what the diagnosis means to the patient. We operationalised these behaviour change techniques using an interactive 'pen and paper' intervention designed to increase intentions to perform the three target behaviours. Conclusion: It is feasible to develop an intervention to change professional behaviour based upon theoretical models, empirical data and evidence based behaviour change techniques. The next step is to evaluate the effect of such an intervention on behavioural intention. We argue that this approach to development and reporting of interventions will contribute to the science of implementation by providing replicable interventions that illuminate the principles and processes underlying change.
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Two of the 15 included papers incorporated the Behaviour Change Technique taxonomy without also incorporating the Theoretical Domains Framework.
“two incorporated the BCT taxonomy without also incorporating the TDF [22, 28]”
From Methods for designing interventions to change healthcare professionals’ behaviour: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
Five of the 15 included papers incorporated just one other published tool.
“Five of 15 incorporated just one other published tool [20, 24, 26–28]”
From Methods for designing interventions to change healthcare professionals’ behaviour: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
Across the 15 identified methods papers, the number of design tasks ranged from two to seven, with a median of 5.
“All of the 15 identified papers included a number of tasks required for the design process. These steps ranged from two [14] to seven [28] with a median of 5 tasks.”
From Methods for designing interventions to change healthcare professionals’ behaviour: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
Among the papers that covered barrier identification, the methods used included observations, interviews and/or focus groups, surveys, literature reviews, structured reflection by researchers, job analysis and expert consensus, and predictive studies to identify factors influencing behaviour.
“In the papers where barrier identification was covered, the methods included observations, interviews and/or focus groups [14, 18, 30–32], surveys [32], literature reviews [24], structured reflection by the researchers [32], job analysis and expert consensus [18], and undertaking a predictive study to identify factors influencing the behaviour [28].”
From Methods for designing interventions to change healthcare professionals’ behaviour: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
In two of the 15 papers, gathering input included formal cognitive interviews.
“In two cases, this included formal cognitive interviews [28, 31].”
From Methods for designing interventions to change healthcare professionals’ behaviour: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [28]
Research has attempted to map BCTs to theoretical domains, which are clusters of theoretical constructs, and to identify theoretical mediators of change using process evaluations.
“Research has also attempted to map BCTs to theoretical domains, which are clusters of theoretical constructs [22, 66], and to identify theoretical mediators of change using process evaluations [81–83].”
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- Authors
- Foy, R., Francis, J. J., Johnston, M., Eccles, M., Lecouturier, J., Bamford, C., & Grimshaw, J.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Foy, Robbie
- Venue
- BMC Health Services Research
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 207-207
- ISSN
- 1472-6963 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2211296
- OpenAlex
- W2139722149
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- City Research Online (City University London) (acceptedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Scottish Government
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- diagnosis disclosure, mental health professionals, behaviour change techniques, theory of planned behavior, social cognitive theory, professional practice change, intervention development, persuasive communication, behavioral modeling, subjective norms, self-efficacy, perceived behavioral control
- MeSH terms
- Workforce, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Behavior Therapy, Cognition, Dementia, Emotions, Geriatric Psychiatry, Health Personnel, Humans, Internal-External Control, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Patient Advocacy, Patient Care Team, Professional-Patient Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Truth Disclosure, Health Care Surveys, Self Efficacy, Intention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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