Homofermentative production of optically pure L-lactic acid from xylose by genetically engineered Escherichia coli B
Open accessAbstract
Background: Polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polymer, has the potential to replace (at least partially) traditional petroleum-based plastics, minimizing “white pollution”. However, cost-effective production of optically pure L-lactic acid is needed to achieve the full potential of PLA. Currently, starch-based glucose is used for L-lactic acid fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. Due to its competition with food resources, an alternative non-food substrate such as cellulosic biomass is needed for L-lactic acid fermentation. Nevertheless, the substrate (sugar stream) derived from cellulosic biomass contains significant amounts of xylose, which is unfermentable by most lactic acid bacteria. However, the microorganisms that do ferment xylose usually carry out heterolactic acid fermentation. As a result, an alternative strain should be developed for homofermentative production of optically pure L-lactic acid using cellulosic biomass. Results: In this study, an ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain, SZ470 (Δ frdBC Δ ldhA Δ ackA Δ pflB Δ pdhR ::pflBp6-acEF-lpd Δ mgsA), was reengineered for homofermentative production of L-lactic acid from xylose (1.2 mole xylose = > 2 mole L-lactic acid), by deleting the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (adhE) and integrating the L-lactate dehydrogenase gene (ldhL) of Pediococcus acidilactici. The resulting strain, WL203, was metabolically evolved further through serial transfers in screw-cap tubes containing xylose, resulting in the strain WL204 with improved anaerobic cell growth. When tested in 70 g L-1 xylose fermentation (complex medium), WL204 produced 62 g L-1 L-lactic acid, with a maximum production rate of 1.631 g L-1 h-1 and a yield of 97% based on xylose metabolized. HPLC analysis using a chiral column showed that an L-lactic acid optical purity of 99.5% was achieved by WL204. Conclusions: These results demonstrated that WL204 has the potential for homofermentative production of L-lactic acid using cellulosic biomass derived substrates, which contain a significant amount of xylose.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The rpoC mutations that were identified led to altered gene expression patterns by a global redistribution of transcriptional units from ribosomal RNAs to other units.
“The rpoC mutations that were identified led to altered gene expression patterns by a global redistribution of transcriptional units (TUs) from ribosomal RNAs to other units.”
From Adaptive laboratory evolution—Principles and applications for biotechnology (2013) · cites this paper as [69]
In the rpoC study, the biomass yield increased up to 40% and acetate overflow was reduced, whereas the metabolic rate increased and the evolved cells showed a lowered or total loss of motility.
“In this study, the biomass yield increased up to 40% and acetate overflow was reduced, whereas the metabolic rate increased and the evolved cells showed a lowered or total loss of motility.”
From Adaptive laboratory evolution—Principles and applications for biotechnology (2013) · cites this paper as [69]
rpoC RNA polymerase mutations were found to be a major source for improved growth on glycerol during batch selection.
“In a more recent study, rpoC RNA polymerase (RNAP) mutations were found to be a major source for improved growth on glycerol during batch selection [69].”
From Adaptive laboratory evolution—Principles and applications for biotechnology (2013) · cites this paper as [69]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products.
Datsenko, K., & Wanner, B. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.120163297 · Cited by 15,902 · see citing works
Lactic acid: recent advances in products, processes and technologies — a review
Datta, R., & Henry, M. P. (2006) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/jctb.1486 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Factors affecting the fermentative lactic acid production from renewable resources1
Hofvendahl, K., & Hahn–Hägerdal, B. (2000) · Enzyme and Microbial Technology · doi:10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00155-6 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Okano, K., Tanaka, T., Ogino, C., Fukuda, H., & Kondo, A. (2009) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2280-5 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Pósfai, G., Koob, M. D., Kirkpatrick, H. A., & Blattner, F. R. (1997) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.179.13.4426-4428.1997 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Homofermentative Production of d - or l -Lactate in Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli RR1
Chang, D.-E., Jung, H.-C., Rhee, J., & Pan, J. (1999) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.65.4.1384-1389.1999 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Tanaka, K., Komiyama, A., Sonomoto, K., Ishizaki, A., Hall, S., & Stanbury, P. F. (2002) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-002-1078-5 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Escherichia coli Strains Engineered for Homofermentative Production of d -Lactic Acid from Glycerol
Mazumdar, S., Clomburg, J. M., & González, R. (2010) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00664-10 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Grabar, T. B., Zhou, S. D., Shanmugam, K. T., Yomano, L. P., & Ingram, L. O. (2006) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/s10529-006-9122-7 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationDien, B. S., Nichols, N. N., & Bothast, R. J. (2001) · Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/sj.jim.7000195 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Homolactate Fermentation by Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli Strains
Zhu, Y., Eiteman, M. A., DeWitt, K., & Altman, E. (2006) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02022-06 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Dien, B. S., Nichols, N. N., & Bothast, R. J. (2002) · Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/sj.jim.7000299 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Zhou, S., Shanmugam, K. T., & Ingram, L. O. (2003) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.69.4.2237-2244.2003 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationFermentation of 10% (w/v) Sugar to D(−)-Lactate by Engineered Escherichia coli B
Zhou, S., Yomano, L. P., Shanmugam, K. T., & Ingram, L. O. (2005) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/s10529-005-3899-7 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationAbdel‐Rahman, M. A., Tashiro, Y., Zendo, T., Hanada, K., Shibata, K., & Sonomoto, K. (2010) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02076-10 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Manow, R., Finan, C., Wang, J., Garza, E. A., & Zhou, S. (2010) · Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10295-010-0920-5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationÖzkan, M., Yllmaz, E. I., Lynd, L. R., & Özcengiz, G. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1139/w04-071 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Tian, T., Zhao, J., Wang, J., Yan, T., Xu, L., Liu, Z., Garza, E. A., Iverson, A., Manow, R., et al. (2012) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/s10529-012-1003-7 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationShinkawa, S., Okano, K., Yoshida, S., Tanaka, T., Ogino, C., Fukuda, H., & Kondo, A. (2011) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3342-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cloning, Sequence, and Expression of the L-(+) Lactate Dehydrogenase of Streptococcus bovis
Wyckoff, H. A., Chow, J., Whitehead, T. R., & Cotta, M. A. (1997) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s002849900197 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Adaptive laboratory evolution—Principles and applications for biotechnology
Dragosits, M., & Mattanovich, D. (2013) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/1475-2859-12-64 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Sandberg, T. E., Salazar, M. J., Weng, L. L., Palsson, B. Ø., & Feist, A. M. (2019) · Metabolic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2019.08.004 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Microbial production of lactic acid: the latest development
Juturu, V., & Wu, J. C. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1066305 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Abdel-Rahman, M. A., & Sonomoto, K. (2016) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.08.008 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for Production of Mixed-Acid Fermentation End Products
Förster, A. H., & Gescher, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2014.00016 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Sustainable Plastic Upcycling and Biopolymers
Sohn, Y. J., Kim, H. T., Baritugo, K., Jo, S. Y., Song, H. M., Park, S. Y., Park, S. K., Pyo, J., Cha, H. G., Kim, H., et al. (2020) · Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1002/biot.201900489 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Microbial production of lactic acid
Eiteman, M. A., & Ramalingam, S. (2015) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/s10529-015-1769-5 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Recent advances in modified poly (lactic acid) as tissue engineering materials
Castañeda-Rodríguez, S., González‐Torres, M., Ribas‐Aparicio, R. M., Prado-Audelo, M. L. D., Leyva‐Gómez, G., Gürer, E. S., & Sharifi‐Rad, J. (2023) · Journal of Biological Engineering · doi:10.1186/s13036-023-00338-8 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Ahmad, A., BANAT, F. A., AlSafar, H. S., & Hasan, S. W. (2022) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-022-02581-3 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Current Status and Applications of Adaptive Laboratory Evolution in Industrial Microorganisms
Lee, S., & Kim, P. (2020) · Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.4014/jmb.2003.03072 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Daful, A. G., & Görgens, J. F. (2016) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2016.12.054 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Metabolic engineering as a tool for enhanced lactic acid production
Upadhyaya, B., DeVeaux, L. C., & Christopher, L. P. (2014) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.10.005 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Wierzbicki, M. P., Maloney, V., Mizrachi, E., & Myburg, A. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00176 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Production and Application of Lactic Acid
Rodrigues, C., Vandenberghe, L. P. D. S., Woiciechowski, A. L., de Oliveira, J., Letti, L. A. J., & Soccol, C. R. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63662-1.00024-5 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Daful, A. G., Haigh, K. F., Vaskan, P., & Görgens, J. F. (2016) · Food and Bioproducts Processing · doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2016.04.005 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The isolation of pentose-assimilating yeasts and their xylose fermentation potential
Martins, G. M., Bocchini, D. A., Bezerra-Bussoli, C., Pagnocca, F. C., Boscolo, M., Monteiro, D. A., da Silva, R., & Gomes, E. (2017) · Brazilian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.bjm.2016.11.014 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid using xylose
Zhao, A., Hu, X., & Wang, X. (2017) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-017-8162-3 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Hydrophobic 3-alkyl-1-methylimidazolium saccharinates as extractants for l-lactic acid recovery
Tonova, K., Svinyarov, I., & Bogdanov, M. G. (2014) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2014.02.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cascaded valorization of seaweed using microbial cell factories
Poblete‐Castro, I., Hoffmann, S. L., Becker, J., & Wittmann, C. (2020) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2020.02.008 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Niu, D., Tian, K., Prior, B. A., Wang, M., Wang, Z., Lu, F., & Singh, S. (2014) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/1475-2859-13-78 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Biotechnological Production of Organic Acids from Renewable Resources
Pleißner, D., Dietz, D., van Duuren, J. B. J. H., Wittmann, C., Yang, X., Lin, C. S. K., & Venus, J. (2017) · Advances in biochemical engineering, biotechnology · doi:10.1007/10_2016_73 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Biosynthesis of d-lactic acid from lignocellulosic biomass
Zhang, Y., Yoshida, M., & Vadlani, P. V. (2018) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/s10529-018-2588-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Understanding and engineering alcohol-tolerant bacteria using OMICS technology
Horinouchi, T., Maeda, T., & Furusawa, C. (2018) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-018-2542-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
L (+)-lactic acid production by pellet-form Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 395on biodiesel crude glycerol
Vodnar, D. C., Dulf, F. V., Pop, O. L., & Socaciu, C. (2013) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/1475-2859-12-92 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Lactic Acid Production by Fermentation of Biomass: Recent Achievements and Perspectives
Ren, Y., Wang, X., Li, Y.-Y., Li, Y., & Wang, Q. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142114434 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Lama‐Muñoz, A., Romero‐García, J. M., Cara, C., Moya, M., & Castro, E. (2014) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.051 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Lu, H., Zhao, X., Wang, Y., Ding, X., Wang, J., Garza, E. A., Manow, R., Iverson, A., & Zhou, S. (2016) · BMC Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12896-016-0248-y · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationTrakarnpaiboon, S., Srisuk, N., Piyachomkwan, K., Yang, S., & Kitpreechavanich, V. (2017) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2017.08.019 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Microorganisms for the Production of Lactic Acid and Organic Lactates
Idler, C., Venus, J., & Kamm, B. (2014) · Microbiology monographs · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45209-7_9 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Production of Industrially Relevant Isoprenoid Compounds in Engineered Microbes
Vickers, C. E., Behrendorff, J. B. Y. H., Bongers, M., Brennan, T. C. R., Bruschi, M., & Nielsen, L. K. (2014) · Microbiology monographs · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45209-7_11 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Biopolymer and polymer precursor production by microorganisms: applications and future prospects
Saharan, B. S., Kamal, N., Badoni, P., Kumar, R., Saini, M., Kumar, D., Sharma, D., Tyagi, S., Ranga, P., Parshad, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/jctb.7524 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Reddy, L. V., Park, J., & Wee, Y. (2015) · Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12257-015-0379-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Petrareanu, G., Balasu, M. C., Vacaru, A. M., Munteanu, C. V. A., Ionescu, A. E., Matei, I., & Szedlacsek, S. E. (2014) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-014-5723-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Díaz-Orozco, L., Moscosa-Santillán, M., Portales, R. E. D., Rosales-Colunga, L. M., Leyva‐Porras, C., & Saavedra-Leos, M. Z. (2025) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym17030322 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Strategies to improve the stress resistance of Escherichia coli in industrial biotechnology
Tao, Y., Wang, H., Wang, J., Jiang, W., Jiang, Y., Xin, F., Zhang, W., & Jiang, M. (2022) · Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining · doi:10.1002/bbb.2358 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationShi, L.-L., Zheng, Y., Tan, B.-W., & Li, Z. (2022) · Biochemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bej.2021.108331 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Patel, S. P., Gujarathi, A. M., Vanzara, P. B., & Kumar, V. (2023) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-023-05117-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sierra-Ibarra, E., Leal-Reyes, L. J., Huerta‐Beristain, G., Hernández-Orihuela, A. L., Gosset, G., Martínez‐Antonio, A., & Martı́nez, A. (2020) · Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s00449-020-02450-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Yang, Z., Yibo, W., Chuang, L., Guowei, C., Ge, W., Xu, Y., & Ziwei, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2023.1182620 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Date Palm Waste: An Efficient Source for Production of Glucose and Lactic Acid
Azam, M. T., & Ahmad, A. (2019) · Sustainable agriculture reviews · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11345-2_8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Rana, A. K., & Thakur, V. K. (2024) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131951 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria
Ansari, F., Bahadori, A., Samakkhah, S. A., Pirouzian, H. R., & Pourjafar, H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28109-9_41 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for Lactic Acid Production from Renewable Resources
Martı́nez, A., Rodríguez-Alegría, M. E., Fernandes, M. C., Gosset, G., & Vargas‐Tah, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51729-2_5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lactic Acid Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass
Daful, A. G., Loridon, M., & Chandraratne, M. R. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.112739 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Msiska, S. C., Padi, R. K., & Chimphango, A. F. A. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143221 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jin, D., Bao, X., Yang, J., Li, C., He, W., Huang, J., Wang, B., Wu, W., & Qi, F. (2024) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c07756 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria
Ansari, F., Bahadori, A., Samakkhah, S. A., Pirouzian, H. R., & Pourjafar, H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81404-5_41-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Werlang, E. B., Sierra-Ibarra, E., Neves, F. D. F., Julich, J., Martı́nez, A., & Schneider, R. D. C. D. S. (2020) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100598 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Santos‐Corona, A. M., Lázaro-Mixteco, P. E., Vargas‐Tah, A., & Castro‐Montoya, A. J. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/jctb.6949 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gaafar, M. M., Hamza, M., Manzoor, M. H., Elsayed, I., & Hassan, E. B. (2026) · Sustainable Chemistry · doi:10.3390/suschem7020020 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jiang, T., Zhang, C., He, Q., Zheng, Z., & Ouyang, J. (2017) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-017-2581-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sawhney, D., Sharma, S., Singh, M., Kumar, P., & Pandey, R. (2026) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2026.102640 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
GENETIC MODIFICATION OF Escherichia coli FOR L-LACTIC ACID PRODUCTION
Kanjanapattanakul, W. (2016) · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2016.1348
Ghobadian, S., Schneider, R., Ischia, G., Fischer, M. G., Romero, O. R., Venus, J., Hoffmann, T., Sturm, B., Rotter, V. S., Kraume, M., et al. (2026) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115625
Lifetime-Adjusted LCA of Biochemical and Thermochemical Circular Plastic Pathways
Krestnikova, A., & Guillén‐Gosálbez, G. (2026) · Systems and Control Transactions · doi:10.69997/sct.157148
- Authors
- Zhao, J., Xu, L., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, J., Garza, E., Manow, R., & Zhou, S.
- Affiliations
- Hubei University of Technology (CN)
- Northern Illinois University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Jinhua
- Zhou, Shengde
- Venue
- Microbial Cell Factories
- Published
- 2013-06-07
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 57-57
- ISSN
- 1475-2859 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3693985
- OpenAlex
- W2108923221
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 2.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Microbial Cell Factories (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Northern Illinois University
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC31070094)
- Hubei University of Technology
- Hubei University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Keywords
- L-lactic acid, xylose fermentation, Escherichia coli, Pediococcus acidilactici, L-lactate dehydrogenase, cellulosic biomass, polylactic acid, optical purity, anaerobic growth
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Bacterial Proteins, Escherichia coli, Fermentation, Genetic Engineering, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase, Pediococcus, Plasmids, Polyesters, Polymers, Stereoisomerism, Xylose, Biomass, Lactic Acid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
