Anti-folate drug resistance in Africa: meta-analysis of reported dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) mutant genotype frequencies in African Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations

Sridaran, Sankar; McClintock, Shannon K; Syphard, Luke M; Herman, Karen M; Barnwell, John W; Udhayakumar, Venkatachalam

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-247

Cited by 124Malaria Research and ControlPharmacogenetics and Drug MetabolismAntibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

Anti-folate drug resistance in Africa: meta-analysis of reported dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) mutant genotype frequencies in African Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations

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Sridaran, Sankar, McClintock, Shannon K, Syphard, Luke M, Herman, Karen M, Barnwell, John W, Udhayakumar, Venkatachalam·2010·Malaria Journal

DOI 10.1186/1475-2875-9-247PMC PMC2940896

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) genes of Plasmodium falciparum are associated with resistance to anti-folate drugs, most notably sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP). Molecular studies document the prevalence of these mutations in parasite populations across the African continent. However, there is no systematic review examining the collective epidemiological significance of these studies. This meta-analysis attempts to: 1) summarize genotype frequency data that are critical for molecular surveillance of anti-folate resistance and 2) identify the specific challenges facing the development of future molecular databases. METHODS: This review consists of 220 studies published prior to 2009 that report the frequency of select dhfr and dhps mutations in 31 African countries. Maps were created to summarize the location and prevalence of the highly resistant dhfr triple mutant (N51I, C59R, S108N) genotype and dhps double mutant (A437G and K540E) genotype in Africa. A hierarchical mixed effects logistic regression was used to examine the influence of various factors on reported mutant genotype frequency. These factors include: year and location of study, age and clinical status of sampled population, and reporting conventions for mixed genotype data. RESULTS: A database consisting of dhfr and dhps mutant genotype frequencies from all African studies that met selection criteria was created for this analysis. The map illustrates particularly high prevalence of both the dhfr triple and dhps double mutant genotypes along the Kenya-Tanzania border and Malawi. The regression model shows a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of both the dhfr triple and dhps double mutant genotypes in Africa. CONCLUSION: Increasing prevalence of the dhfr triple mutant and dhps double mutant genotypes in Africa are consistent with the loss of efficacy of SP for treatment of clinical malaria in most parts of this continent. Continued assessment of the effectiveness of SP for the treatment of clinical malaria and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy is needed. The creation of a centralized resistance data network, such as the one proposed by the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), will become a valuable resource for planning timely actions to combat drug resistant malaria.

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Increasing SP resistance in SSA may have compromised the efficacy of IPTp-SP.
“Concerns that increasing SP resistance in SSA [13] may have compromised the efficacy of this chemoprophylactic control measure [14], makes WHO’s call for enhanced regular monitoring of IPTp effectiveness ever more relevant in all malaria-endemic ecosystems.”
From Intermittent preventive treatment with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) is associated with protection against sub-microscopic P. falciparum infection in pregnant women during the low transmission dry season in southwestern Cameroon: A Semi - longitudinal study (2022) · cites this paper as [13]

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Antimalarial Drugs: Modes Of Action And Mechanisms Of Parasite Resistance
Müller, I. B., & Hyde, J. E. (2010) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.10.136 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Global Phenotypic Screening for Antimalarials
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Efficacy and Safety of Azithromycin-Chloroquine versus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine for Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Infection in Pregnant Women in Africa: An Open-Label, Randomized Trial
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Chloroquine and Sulfadoxine–Pyrimethamine Resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa—A Review
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Ferroquine and artesunate in African adults and children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a phase 2, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, dose-ranging, non-inferiority study
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Severe Imported Plasmodium falciparum Malaria, France, 1996–2003
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Temporal trends of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) drug-resistance molecular markers in Plasmodium falciparum parasites from pregnant women in western Kenya
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Simple detection of single nucleotide polymorphism in Plasmodium falciparum by SNP-LAMP assay combined with lateral flow dipstick
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Genetic and Epigenomic Footprints of Folate
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Pooled Deep Sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates: An Efficient and Scalable Tool to Quantify Prevailing Malaria Drug-Resistance Genotypes
Taylor, S. M., Parobek, C. M., Aragam, N., Ngasala, B., Mårtensson, A., Meshnick, S. R., & Juliano, J. J. (2013) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jit392 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The effect of antenatal monthly sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine, alone or with azithromycin, on foetal and neonatal growth faltering in M alawi: a randomised controlled trial
Luntamo, M., Kulmala, T., Cheung, Y. B., Maleta, K. M., & Ashorn, P. (2013) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12074 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
High rates of parasite recrudescence following intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine during pregnancy in Benin
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China–Africa Cooperation Initiatives in Malaria Control and Elimination
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Antenatal Receipt of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Does Not Exacerbate Pregnancy-Associated Malaria Despite the Expansion of Drug-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum: Clinical Outcomes From the QuEERPAM Study
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In Vitro and Molecular Surveillance for Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum Parasites in Western Kenya Reveals Sustained Artemisinin Sensitivity and Increased Chloroquine Sensitivity
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Current therapies and future possibilities for drug development against liver-stage malaria
Raphemot, R., Posfai, D., & Derbyshire, E. R. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci82981 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: A zoomed image at the molecular level within a geographic context
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The Performance of a Rapid Diagnostic Test in Detecting Malaria Infection in Pregnant Women and the Impact of Missed Infections
Williams, J. E., Cairns, M. E., Njie, F., Quaye, S. L., Awine, T., Oduro, A. R., Tagbor, H. K., Bojang, K., Magnussen, P., ter Kuile, F. O., et al. (2015) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/civ1198 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Transition-State Inhibitors of Purine Salvage and Other Prospective Enzyme Targets in Malaria
Ducati, R. G., Namanja-Magliano, H. A., & Schramm, V. L. (2013) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.13.51 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Effect of Monthly Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Alone or with Azithromycin, on PCR-Diagnosed Malaria at Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Luntamo, M., Rantala, A.-M., Meshnick, S. R., Cheung, Y. B., Kulmala, T., Maleta, K. M., & Ashorn, P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041123 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Prevalence of intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) use during pregnancy and other associated factors in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
Orish, V. N., Onyeabor, O. S., Boampong, J. N., Afoakwah, R., Nwaefuna, E. K., Acquah, S., Sanyaolu, A. O., & Iriemenam, N. C. (2016) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v15i4.6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Accessibility, availability and affordability of anti-malarials in a rural district in Kenya after implementation of a national subsidy scheme
Smith, N., Obala, A. A., Simiyu, C. J., Menya, D., Khwa-Otsyula, B. O., & O’Meara, W. P. (2011) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-316 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Antimalarial Drug Discovery
Calderón, F., Wilson, D. M., & Gamo, F. (2013) · Progress in medicinal chemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-62652-3.00003-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cotrimoxazole prophylactic treatment prevents malaria in children in sub‐Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Mbeye, N. M., ter Kuile, F. O., Davies, M., Phiri, K. S., Egger, M., Wandeler, G., & Africa, I. (2014) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12352 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Risk factors for placental malaria and associated adverse pregnancy outcomes in Rufiji, Tanzania: a hospital based cross sectional study
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Flexible 3D Cell-Based Platforms for the Discovery and Profiling of Novel Drugs Targeting Plasmodium Hepatic Infection
Arez, F., Rebelo, S. P., Fontinha, D., Simão, D. F., Martins, T. R., Machado, M., Fischli, C., Oeuvray, C., Badolo, L., Carrondo, M. J. T., et al. (2019) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00144 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mapping Partner Drug Resistance to Guide Antimalarial Combination Therapy Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Authors: Sridaran, S., McClintock, S. K., Syphard, L. M., Herman, K. M., Barnwell, J. W., & Udhayakumar, V.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author: Udhayakumar, Venkatachalam
ORCID: Udhayakumar, Venkatachalam
Venue: Malaria Journal
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2010-08-30
Volume: 9
Issue: 1
Pages: 247-247
ISSN: 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-247
PMC: PMC2940896
OpenAlex: W2165336268
Cited by: 124
References: 106
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 1.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Association of Public Health Laboratories
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum, dihydrofolate reductase, dihydropteroate synthase, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, molecular surveillance, intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy, Africa
MeSH terms: Africa, Antimalarials, Dihydropteroate Synthase, Drug Combinations, Drug Resistance, Gene Frequency, Genotype, Humans, Plasmodium falciparum, Pyrimethamine, Sulfadoxine, Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase, Protozoan Proteins, DNA, Protozoan, Amino Acid Substitution, Mutation, Missense, Mutant Proteins

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Anti-folate drug resistance in Africa: meta-analysis of reported dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) mutant genotype frequencies in African Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations

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