Are rapid diagnostic tests more accurate in diagnosis of plasmodium falciparum malaria compared to microscopy at rural health centres?
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BACKGROUND: Prompt, accurate diagnosis and treatment with artemisinin combination therapy remains vital to current malaria control. Blood film microscopy the current standard test for diagnosis of malaria has several limitations that necessitate field evaluation of alternative diagnostic methods especially in low income countries of sub-Saharan Africa where malaria is endemic. METHODS: The accuracy of axillary temperature, health centre (HC) microscopy, expert microscopy and a HRP2-based rapid diagnostic test (Paracheck) was compared in predicting malaria infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the gold standard. Three hundred patients with a clinical suspicion of malaria based on fever and or history of fever from a low and high transmission setting in Uganda were consecutively enrolled and provided blood samples for all tests. Accuracy of each test was calculated overall with 95% confidence interval and then adjusted for age-groups and level of transmission intensity using a stratified analysis. The endpoints were: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). This study is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00565071. RESULTS: Of the 300 patients, 88(29.3%) had fever, 56(18.7%) were positive by HC microscopy, 47(15.7%) by expert microscopy, 110(36.7%) by Paracheck and 89(29.7%) by PCR. The overall sensitivity >90% was only shown by Paracheck 91.0% [95%CI: 83.1-96.0]. The sensitivity of expert microscopy was 46%, similar to HC microscopy. The superior sensitivity of Paracheck compared to microscopy was maintained when data was stratified for transmission intensity and age. The overall specificity rates were: Paracheck 86.3% [95%CI: 80.9-90.6], HC microscopy 93.4% [95%CI: 89.1-96.3] and expert microscopy 97.2% [95%CI: 93.9-98.9]. The NPV >90% was shown by Paracheck 95.8% [95%CI: 91.9-98.2]. The overall PPV was <88% for all methods. CONCLUSION: The HRP2-based RDT has shown superior sensitivity compared to microscopy in diagnosis of malaria and may be more suitable for screening of malaria infection.
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RDTs demonstrated variable sensitivities compared with PCR for the diagnosis of malaria in nonpregnant symptomatic populations.
“RDTs also demonstrated variable sensitivities compared with PCR for the diagnosis of malaria in nonpregnant symptomatic populations [19–22].”
From Diagnosing malaria in pregnancy: An update (2012) · cites this paper as [20]
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- Authors
- Batwala, V., Magnussen, P., & Nuwaha, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Makerere University (UG)
- Venue
- Malaria Journal
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 349-349
- ISSN
- 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3002380
- OpenAlex
- W2160929074
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 9.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Department for International Development
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biosensors and Analytical Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases
- Keywords
- Plasmodium falciparum, malaria diagnosis, rapid diagnostic tests, blood film microscopy, diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity, axillary temperature, transmission intensity, rural health facilities, artemisinin-based combination therapy, sub-Saharan Africa, Uganda, age-stratified analysis, predictive value, malaria control
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Developing Countries, Female, Humans, Immunoassay, Infant, Male, Microscopy, Middle Aged, Parasitology, Plasmodium falciparum, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Rural Health, Sensitivity and Specificity, Uganda, Malaria, Falciparum, Young Adult
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