Cited by 1,748Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsImmune cells in cancerMultiple Sclerosis Research Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 167 of the 167 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Neuroinflammation and M2 microglia: the good, the bad, and the inflamed

Open access

Cherry, Jonathan D, Olschowka, John A, O’Banion, M Kerry·2014·Journal of Neuroinflammation

DOI 10.1186/1742-2094-11-98PMC PMC4060849

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The concept of multiple macrophage activation states is not new. However, extending this idea to resident tissue macrophages, like microglia, has gained increased interest in recent years. Unfortunately, the research on peripheral macrophage polarization does not necessarily translate accurately to their central nervous system (CNS) counterparts. Even though pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can polarize microglia to distinct activation states, the specific functions of these states is still an area of intense debate. This review examines the multiple possible activation states microglia can be polarized to. This is followed by a detailed description of microglial polarization and the functional relevance of this process in both acute and chronic CNS disease models described in the literature. Particular attention is given to utilizing M2 microglial polarization as a potential therapeutic option in treating diseases.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1742-2094-11-98

Cites

167 of 167 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figure 1 Working model of microglial polarization. (A) A variety of cytokines are able to polarize microglia to unique phenotypes. These phenotypes constitute a spectrum as opposed to two binary states. Depending on the stimulus, microglia can be polarized towards one end of the spectrum and be more M1- or M2-like. (B) Upon prolonged or chronic inflammation, an overabundance of inflammatory cytokines skews microglial polarization towards the M1 phenotype. M1 microglia, in turn, produce additional inflammatory cytokines, generating a cycle that further induces inflammation and maintains the M1 state. This skewed population of M1 microglia exhibits impaired phagocytosis and is cytotoxic in, for example, Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis. (C) To treat neuroinflammatory diseases, certain therapeutic agents, such as glatiramer acetate, bexarotene, and PPARγ agonists, have been used. These treatments have been shown to inhibit inflammation as well as induce M2 activation, resulting in reduced disease severity. A more complete list of such therapeutic agents can be found in Table 2. AD, Alzheimer’s disease, EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; GA, glatiramer acetate; MS, multiple sclerosis.CC BY · PubMed Central

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

2 retracted

Adult neural stem cells expressing IL-10 confer potent immunomodulation and remyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalitis
Yang, J., Jiang, Z., Fitzgerald, D. C., Ma, C., Yu, S., Li, H., Zhao, Z., Li, Y., Ćirić, B., Curtis, M. T., et al. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci37914 · Cited by 194
Retracted
RETRACTED: CD163 and its expanding functional repertoire
Akila, P., Prashant, A., Suma, M., Prashant, S., & Chaitra, T. R. (2012) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2012.01.028 · Cited by 50
Retracted
Amyloid oligomers exacerbate tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathy
Selenica, M.-L. B., Brownlow, M., Jimenez, J. P., Lee, D. C., Pena, G., Dickey, C. A., Gordon, M. N., & Morgan, D. (2013) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000337230 · Cited by 10,359
Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation
Mosser, D. M., & Edwards, J. P. (2008) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2448 · Cited by 9,144
Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) Is Released by Microglial Cells and Confers Neuroprotection against 6-OHDA Neurotoxicity
Polazzi, E., Mengoni, I., Caprini, M., Peña‐Altamira, E., Kurtys, E., & Monti, B. (2012) · Neurosignals · doi:10.1159/000337115 · Cited by 9,023
The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization
MANTOVANI, A., SICA, A., SOZZANI, S., ALLAVENA, P., VECCHI, A., & LOCATI, M. (2004) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2004.09.015 · Cited by 6,534
Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas
Sica, A., & Mantovani, A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci59643 · Cited by 6,335
Alternative activation of macrophages
Gordon, S. (2003) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri978 · Cited by 6,189
Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo
Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110647 · Cited by 5,827
Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain
Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241224 · Cited by 5,411

Show all 167 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Del Rio-Hortega P: El tercer elemento de los centros nerviosos. Bio Soc Esp Biol. 1919, 9: 69-129.

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 1,002

Histone deacetylase 3 regulates microglial function through histone deacetylation
Meleady, L., Towriss, M., Kim, J. S., Bacarac, V., Dang, V., Rowland, M. E., & Ciernia, A. V. (2023) · Epigenetics · doi:10.1080/15592294.2023.2241008 · Cited by 47
Anthocyanin effects on microglia M1/M2 phenotype: Consequence on neuronal fractalkine expression
Meireles, M., Marques, C., Norberto, S., Santos, P. F., Fernandes, I., Mateus, N. F. D. C. B., Faria, A., & Calhau, C. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.010 · Cited by 47
Neuroprotective mechanisms and translational potential of therapeutic hypothermia in the treatment of ischemic stroke
Yu, S., Lee, J. H., & Zhang, J. (2017) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.202915 · Cited by 47
The role of microRNAs in newborn brain development and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
Ponnusamy, V., & Yip, P. K. (2019) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.041 · Cited by 47
Immunomodulatory Effect of Microglia-Released Cytokines in Gliomas
Lanza, M., Casili, G., Campolo, M., Paterniti, I., Colarossi, C., Mare, M., Giuffrida, R., Caffo, M., Esposito, E., & Cuzzocrea, S. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11040466 · Cited by 50
Cromolyn inhibits the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by human microglia (HMC3)
Wang, Y.-J., Monteagudo, A., Downey, M. A., Ashton‐Rickardt, P. G., & Elmaleh, D. R. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85702-8 · Cited by 47
The endocannabinoidome in neuropsychiatry: Opportunities and potential risks
Morris, G., Walder, K. R., Kloiber, S. M., Amminger, G. P., Berk, M., Bortolasci, C. C., Maes, M. H. J., Puri, B. K., & Carvalho, A. F. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105729 · Cited by 48
Formononetin improves cardiac function and depressive behaviours in myocardial infarction with depression by targeting GSK-3β to regulate macrophage/microglial polarization
Yang, Y., Huang, T., Zhang, H., Li, X., Shi, S., Tian, X., Huang, Z., Zhang, R., Liu, Z., & Cheng, Y. (2022) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154602 · Cited by 46
Alleviation of Microglial Activation Induced by p38 MAPK/MK2/PGE2 Axis by Capsaicin: Potential Involvement of other than TRPV1 Mechanism/s
Bhatia, H. S., Roelofs, N., Muñóz, E., & Fiebich, B. L. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00225-5 · Cited by 46
Glycoprotein NMB: an Emerging Role in Neurodegenerative Disease
Budge, K. M., Neal, M. P., Richardson, J. R., & Safadi, F. F. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0707-z · Cited by 47
Etiogenic factors present in the cerebrospinal fluid from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients induce predominantly pro-inflammatory responses in microglia
Mishra, P. S., Vijayalakshmi, K., Nalini, A., Sathyaprabha, T. N., Kramer, B. W. W., Alladi, P. A., & Raju, T. R. (2017) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-017-1028-x · Cited by 46
Potential immunotherapies for traumatic brain and spinal cord injury
Putatunda, R., Bethea, J. R., & Hu, W.-H. (2018) · Chinese Journal of Traumatology · doi:10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.02.002 · Cited by 46
Protective mechanism of testosterone on cognitive impairment in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease
Yan, X.-S., Yan, X.-S., Jia, J., Song, W., Fang, X., Cai, Z., Huo, D.-S., & Wang, H. (2019) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.245477 · Cited by 46
Picrorhiza kurroa Prevents Memory Deficits by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and BACE1 Expression in 5xFAD Mice
Kim, N., Do, J., Ju, I. G., Jeon, S. H., Lee, J. K., & Oh, M. S. (2019) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00792-7 · Cited by 46
Discovery and engineering of an anti-TREM2 antibody to promote amyloid plaque clearance by microglia in 5XFAD mice
Zhao, P., Xu, Y., Fan, X., Li, L., Li, X., Arase, H., Tong, Q., Zhang, N., & An, Z. (2022) · mAbs · doi:10.1080/19420862.2022.2107971 · Cited by 46
Microglia and Brain Disorders: The Role of Vitamin D and Its Receptor
Mirarchi, A., Albi, E., Beccari, T., & Arcuri, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241511892 · Cited by 47
Pivotal role of innate myeloid cells in cerebral post-ischemic sterile inflammation
Tsuyama, J., Nakamura, A., Ooboshi, H., Yoshimura, A., & Shichita, T. (2018) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-018-0707-8 · Cited by 45
Transcriptional Networks of Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease and Insights into Pathogenesis
Chew, G., & Petretto, E. G. (2019) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes10100798 · Cited by 46
PPARγ-mediated microglial activation phenotype is involved in depressive-like behaviors and neuroinflammation in stressed C57BL/6J and ob/ob mice
Qin, X., Wang, W., Wu, H., Liu, D., Wang, R., Xu, J., Jiang, H., & Pan, F. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104674 · Cited by 46
FGF, Mechanism of Action, Role in Parkinson’s Disease, and Therapeutics
Liu, Y., Deng, J., Liu, Y., Li, W., & Nie, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.675725 · Cited by 46
The impact of chronic blackberry intake on the neuroinflammatory status of rats fed a standard or high-fat diet
Meireles, M., Marques, C., Norberto, S., Fernandes, I., Mateus, N. F. D. C. B., Rendeiro, C., Spencer, J. P. E., Faria, A., & Calhau, C. (2015) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.05.008 · Cited by 45
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Focus on Neuroinflammation
Li, J., Tong, L., Schock, B. C., & Ji, L.-L. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03320-z · Cited by 47
Role of Crosstalk between Glial Cells and Immune Cells in Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Protection after Acute Ischemic Stroke
Wang, Y., Liu, W.-C., Geng, P., Du, W., Guo, C., Wang, Q., Zheng, G., & Jin, X. (2023) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2023.1010 · Cited by 45
Iron homeostasis and neurodegeneration in the ageing brain: Insight into ferroptosis pathways
Alrouji, M., Anwar, S., Venkatesan, K., Shahwan, M. J., Hassan, M. I., Islam, A., & Shamsi, A. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102575 · Cited by 45
Spatiotemporal Cadence of Macrophage Polarisation in a Model of Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration
Jiao, H., Natoli, R., Valter, K., Provis, J. M., & Rutar, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143952 · Cited by 44
Prefrontal Ischemia in the Rat Leads to Secondary Damage and Inflammation in Remote Gray and White Matter Regions
Weishaupt, N., Zhang, A., Déziel, R., Tasker, R. A., & Whitehead, S. N. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00081 · Cited by 44
Microglia Function in the Normal Brain
Rommy von Bernhardi, M., Heredia, F., Salgado, N., & Muñoz, P. (2016) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_4 · Cited by 47
Investigation of Gal-3 Expression Pattern in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients Suffering From Neurodegenerative Disorders
Ashraf, G. M., & Baeesa, S. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00430 · Cited by 44
Macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) is induced on M2 microglia and participates in the resolution phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation
Ilarregui, J. M., Kooij, G., Rodríguez, E., van der Pol, S. M. A., Koning, N., Kalay, H., van der Horst, J. C., van Vliet, S. J., García-Vallejo, J. J., de Vries, H. E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1522-4 · Cited by 45
Post-Stroke Microglia Induce Sirtuin2 Expression to Suppress the Anti-inflammatory Function of Infiltrating Regulatory T Cells
Shu, L., Xu, C.-Q., Yan, Z.-Y., Yan, Y., Jiang, S.-Z., & Wang, Y.-R. (2019) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-019-01057-3 · Cited by 44
Emerging Roles of Microglia Depletion in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury
Deng, J., Meng, F., Zhang, K., Gao, J., Liu, Z., Li, M., Liu, X., Li, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., et al. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11121871 · Cited by 46
Microglia Phenotypes Following the Induction of Alcohol Dependence in Adolescent Rats
Peng, H., & Nixon, K. (2021) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14504 · Cited by 43
Neurobiological mechanisms of botulinum neurotoxin-induced analgesia for neuropathic pain
Bagüés, A., Hu, J., Alshanqiti, I., & Chung, M. (2024) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108668 · Cited by 43
Immune Modulation in the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Review of Clinical Trials
Khalid, S. I., Ampie, L., Kelly, R. M., Ladha, S. S., & Dardis, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00486 · Cited by 46
Rescue of Noradrenergic System as a Novel Pharmacological Strategy in the Treatment of Chronic Pain: Focus on Microglia Activation
Caraci, F., Merlo, S., Drago, F., Caruso, G., Parenti, C., & Sortino, M. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01024 · Cited by 44
The emerging role of galectins in (re)myelination and its potential for developing new approaches to treat multiple sclerosis
de Jong, C. G. H. M., Gabius, H., & Baron, W. (2019) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-019-03327-7 · Cited by 44
Hydroxytyrosol Decreases LPS- and α-Synuclein-Induced Microglial Activation In Vitro
Gallardo-Fernández, M., Ortega, R. H., Alonso-Bellido, I. M., Rodríguez‐Gómez, J. A., Troncoso, A. M., García-Parrilla, M. C., Venero, J. L., Espinosa‐Oliva, A. M., & de Pablos, R. M. (2019) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9010036 · Cited by 47
Translation Imaging in Parkinson’s Disease: Focus on Neuroinflammation
Belloli, S., Morari, M., Murtaj, V., Valtorta, S., Moresco, R. M., & Gilardi, M. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00152 · Cited by 43
N-salicyloyl tryptamine derivatives as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease with neuroprotective effects
Bai, Y., Liu, D., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, D., Cai, H., Wen, H., Yuan, G., An, H. M., Wang, Y., et al. (2021) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105255 · Cited by 43
Post-traumatic epilepsy
Salazar, A. Μ., & Grafman, J. H. (2015) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63521-1.00033-9 · Cited by 43
Reduction of the neuroprotective transcription factor Npas4 results in increased neuronal necrosis, inflammation and brain lesion size following ischaemia
Choy, F. C., Klarić, T., Leong, W. K., Koblar, S. A., & Lewis, M. D. (2015) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x15606146 · Cited by 45
Lack of chronic neuroinflammation in the absence of focal hemorrhage in a rat model of low-energy blast-induced TBI
Sosa, M. A. G., Gasperi, R. D., Garcia, G. S. P., Sosa, H., Searcy, C., Vargas, D., Janssen, P. L., Perez, G. M., Tschiffely, A. E., Janssen, W. G. M., et al. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-017-0483-z · Cited by 43
The GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide ameliorates neuroinflammation, locomotor activity, and anxiety-like behavior in mice with diet-induced obesity through the modulation of microglial M2 polarization and downregulation of SR-A4
Lin, M.-H., Cheng, P.-C., Hsiao, P.-J., Chen, S.-C., Hung, C.-H., Kuo, C.-H., Huang, S.-K., & Clair Chiou, H.-Y. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109653 · Cited by 42
Responsive nanoparticles synergize with Curcumin to break the “reactive oxygen Species-Neuroinflammation” vicious cycle, enhancing traumatic brain injury outcomes
Fu, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, G., Mao, G.-Y., Tang, J., Jin, X., Han, Y., Chen, H., & Ding, L. (2025) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-025-03251-y · Cited by 42
Metabolic Reprograming of Mononuclear Phagocytes in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Tannahill, G. M., Iraci, N., Gaude, E., Frezza, C., & Pluchino, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00106 · Cited by 43
Pristimerin Inhibits LPS-Triggered Neurotoxicity in BV-2 Microglia Cells Through Modulating IRAK1/TRAF6/TAK1-Mediated NF-κB and AP-1 Signaling Pathways In Vitro
Hui, B., Zhang, L., Zhou, Q., & Hui, L. (2017) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-017-9837-3 · Cited by 42
MicroRNAs and the Genetic Nexus of Brain Aging, Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Brain Trauma
Sarkar, S. N., Russell, A. E., Engler-Chiurazzi, E. B., Porter, K. N., & Simpkins, J. W. (2018) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2018.0409 · Cited by 43
The Multifarious Role of Microglia in Brain Metastasis
Soto, M. S., & Sibson, N. R. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00414 · Cited by 42
Amelioration of visual deficits and visual system pathology after mild TBI with the cannabinoid type-2 receptor inverse agonist SMM-189
Guley, N., Mar, N. A. D., Ragsdale, T. D., Li, C., Perry, A. M., Moore, B. M., II, Honig, M. G., & Reiner, A. J. (2019) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2019.03.013 · Cited by 42
Systemic TLR2 tolerance enhances central nervous system remyelination
Wasko, N. J., Kulak, M. J., Paul, D., Nicaise, A. M., Yeung, S. T., Nichols, F. C., Khanna, K. M., Crocker, S. J., Pachter, J. S., & Clark, R. B. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1540-2 · Cited by 42
Amburana cearensis: Pharmacological and Neuroprotective Effects of Its Compounds
Silva, J. H. C. E., Ferreira, R. S., Pereira, É. P. L., Braga‐de‐Souza, S., de Almeida, M. M. A., dos Santos, C. C., Butt, A. M., Caiazzo, E., Capasso, R., da Silva, V. D. A., et al. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25153394 · Cited by 43
Differential Cytokine-Induced Responses of Polarized Microglia
Chauhan, P., Sheng, W. S., Hu, S., Prasad, S., & Lokensgard, J. R. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111482 · Cited by 42
Neuroinflammation as a Therapeutic Target in Retinitis Pigmentosa and Quercetin as Its Potential Modulator
Ortega, J. T., & Jastrzębska, B. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13111935 · Cited by 45
Bile acids attenuate PKM2 pathway activation in proinflammatory microglia
Romero-Ramírez, L., García-Rama, C., Wu, S., & Mey, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05408-3 · Cited by 41
Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor controls the function of CNS-resident macrophages and their contribution to neuroinflammation
Ivan, D. C., Berve, K., Walthert, S., Monaco, G., Borst, K., Bouillet, E., Ferreira, F. M., Lee, H., Steudler, J., Buch, T., et al. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01535-8 · Cited by 42
To re-examine the intersection of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases from the perspective of pyroptosis
Li, Y., Li, Y., & Zhu, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1284214 · Cited by 43
Modulation of Microglial Cell Fcγ Receptor Expression Following Viral Brain Infection
Chauhan, P., Hu, S., Sheng, W. S., Prasad, S., & Lokensgard, J. R. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep41889 · Cited by 41
Madecassoside activates anti‑neuroinflammatory mechanisms by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide‑induced microglial inflammation
Sasmita, A. O., Ling, A. P. K., Voon, K., Koh, R. Y., & Wong, Y. P. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.3479 · Cited by 42
The influence of immunological stressors on traumatic brain injury
Sun, M., McDonald, S. J., Brady, R. D., O'Brien, T. J., & Shultz, S. R. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.01.007 · Cited by 41
Deficiency of α1,6-fucosyltransferase promotes neuroinflammation by increasing the sensitivity of glial cells to inflammatory mediators
Xu, L., Zhang, D., Shoji, H., Duan, C., Zhang, G., Isaji, T., Wang, Y., Fukuda, T., & Gu, J. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.12.008 · Cited by 42
The role of microglia in neuroprogressive disorders: mechanisms and possible neurotherapeutic effects of induced ketosis
Morris, G., Puri, B. K., Maes, M. H. J., OLIVE, L. S., Berk, M., & Carvalho, A. F. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109858 · Cited by 42
Safflower Yellow Improves Synaptic Plasticity in APP/PS1 Mice by Regulating Microglia Activation Phenotypes and BDNF/TrkB/ERK Signaling Pathway
Pang, J., Hou, J., Zhou, Z., Ren, M., Mo, Y., Yang, G., Qu, Z., & Hu, Y. (2020) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-020-08591-6 · Cited by 41
Oral treatment with glycyrrhizin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promotes microglial M2 polarization after traumatic spinal cord injury
Su, X., Wang, X., Gong, F., Feng, M., Bai, J., Zhang, R., & Dang, X. (2020) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.02.009 · Cited by 41
Electroconvulsive stimulation attenuates chronic neuroinflammation
Goldfarb, S., Fainstein, N., & Ben‐Hur, T. (2020) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.137028 · Cited by 41
GABA-mediated activated microglia induce neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of mice following cold exposure through the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling pathways
Lang, L., Xu, B., Yuan, J., Li, S., Lian, S., Chen, Y., Guo, J., & Yang, H. (2020) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106908 · Cited by 41
Inhibition of store-operated calcium entry in microglia by helminth factors: implications for immune suppression in neurocysticercosis
Sun, Y., Chauhan, A., Sukumaran, P., Sharma, J., Singh, B. B., & Mishra, B. B. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0210-7 · Cited by 43
HuR promotes the molecular signature and phenotype of activated microglia: Implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases
Matsye, P. D., Zheng, L., Si, Y., Kim, S., Luo, W., Crossman, D. K., Bratcher, P. E., & King, P. H. (2017) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23137 · Cited by 44
Histamine Regulates the Inflammatory Profile of SOD1-G93A Microglia and the Histaminergic System Is Dysregulated in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Apolloni, S., Fabbrizio, P., Amadio, S., Napoli, G., Verdile, V., Morello, G., Iemmolo, R., Aronica, E., Cavallaro, S., & Volonté, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01689 · Cited by 41
Identification of a chronic non‐neurodegenerative microglia activation state in a mouse model of peroxisomal β‐oxidation deficiency
Verheijden, S., Beckers, L., Casazza, A., Butovsky, O., Mazzone, M., & Baes, M. (2015) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22831 · Cited by 40
IKK2/NF-κB Activation in Astrocytes Reduces amyloid β Deposition: A Process Associated with Specific Microglia Polarization
Yang, S., Magnutzki, A., Alami, N. O., Lattke, M., Hein, T. M., Scheller, J. S., Kröger, C., Oswald, F., Yilmazer‐Hanke, D., Wirth, T., et al. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10102669 · Cited by 42
Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist as Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury
Lindblad, C., Rostami, E., & Helmy, A. E. (2023) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-023-01421-0 · Cited by 43
Lactobacilli Cell-Free Supernatants Modulate Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Human Microglia via NRF2-SOD1 Signaling
Chiano, M. D., Rocchetti, M. T., Spano, G., Russo, P., Allegretta, C., Milior, G., Gadaleta, R. M., Sallustio, F., Pontrelli, P., Gesualdo, L., et al. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-024-01494-1 · Cited by 42
The role of macrophage polarization on bipolar disorder: Identifying new therapeutic targets
Ascoli, B. M., Géa, L. P., Colombo, R., Barbé‐Tuana, F. M., Kapczinski, F. P., & Rosa, A. R. (2016) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867416642846 · Cited by 40
Contributions of the adaptive immune system to mood regulation: Mechanisms and pathways of neuroimmune interactions
Herkenham, M. A., & Kigar, S. L. (2016) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.09.003 · Cited by 40
Human amnion epithelial cells rescue cell death via immunomodulation of microglia in a mouse model of perinatal brain injury
Leaw, B., Zhu, D., Tan, J. L., Muljadi, R. C. M., Saad, M. I., Mockler, J. C., Wallace, E. M., Lim, R., & Tolcos, M. (2017) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0496-3 · Cited by 40
Glucocorticoid programming of neuroimmune function
Walker, D. J., & Spencer, K. A. (2017) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.016 · Cited by 42
S1P1 Regulates M1/M2 Polarization toward Brain Injury after Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia
Gaire, B. P., Bae, Y. J., & Choi, J. W. (2019) · Biomolecules & Therapeutics · doi:10.4062/biomolther.2019.005 · Cited by 40
Its complicated: The relationship between alcohol and microglia in the search for novel pharmacotherapeutic targets for alcohol use disorders
Melbourne, J. K., Thompson, K. R., Peng, H., & Nixon, K. (2019) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.011 · Cited by 40
Inverse Agonism of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Confers Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects Following Status Epileptics
Yu, Y., Li, L., Nguyen, D. T., Mustafa, S. M., Moore, B. M., II, & Jiang, J. (2020) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-020-01923-4 · Cited by 40
Modulation of microglial activation states by spinal cord stimulation in an animal model of neuropathic pain: Comparing high rate, low rate, and differential target multiplexed programming
Smith, W. J., Cedeño, D. L., Thomas, S. M., Kelley, C. A., Vetri, F., & Vallejo, R. (2021) · Molecular Pain · doi:10.1177/1744806921999013 · Cited by 40
Neurogenesis after Spinal Cord Injury: State of the Art
Rodríguez‐Barrera, R., Rivas-González, M., García-Sánchez, J., Mojica-Torres, D., & Ibarra, A. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10061499 · Cited by 41
Anti-inflammatory mechanism of lonchocarpine in LPS- or poly(I:C)-induced neuroinflammation
Jeong, Y., Park, J., Kim, D., Kang, J. L., & Kim, H.-S. (2017) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.027 · Cited by 40
Recent Progress of Surface Modified Nanomaterials for Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species in Organism
Liu, J., Ma, L., Zhang, G., Chen, Y., & Wang, Z. (2021) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00402 · Cited by 39
Quercetin Regulates Microglia M1/M2 Polarization and Alleviates Retinal Inflammation via ERK/STAT3 Pathway
Zou, Y., Jiang, J., Li, Y., Ding, X., Fang, F., & Chen, L. (2024) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-024-01997-5 · Cited by 40
Neuro-immune interactions across development: A look at glutamate in the prefrontal cortex
Macht, V. A. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.039 · Cited by 39
Differences in neuroimmune signalling between male and female patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis
Kosek, E., Finn, A., Ultenius, C., Hugo, A., Svensson, C. I., & Ahmed, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.05.009 · Cited by 39
Human Umbilical Cord Therapy Improves Long-Term Behavioral Outcomes Following Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury
Penny, T. R., Sutherland, A. E., Mihelakis, J. G., Paton, M. C. B., Pham, Y., Lee, J., Jones, N. M., Jenkin, G., Fahey, M. C., Miller, S., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00283 · Cited by 39
Contribution of microglial reaction to increased nociceptive responses in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity in male mice
Liang, Y., Feng, S., Qi, Y.-P., Li, K., Jin, Z., Jing, H., Liu, L., Cai, J., Xing, G., & Fu, K. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.026 · Cited by 38
Calmodulin and Its Binding Proteins in Parkinson’s Disease
Bohush, A., Leśniak, W., Weis, S., & Filipek, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22063016 · Cited by 39
Interplay Between Microglia and Alzheimer’s Disease—Focus on the Most Relevant Risks: APOE Genotype, Sex and Age
Chen, Y., Hong, T., Chen, F., Sun, Y., Wang, Y., & Cui, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.631827 · Cited by 40
Three chemotypes of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil and their main compounds affect differently the IL-6 and TNFα cytokine secretions of BV-2 microglia by modulating the NF-κB and C/EBPβ signalling pathways
Horváth, G., Horváth, A., Reichert, G., Böszörményi, A., Sipos, K., & Pandur, E. (2021) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03319-w · Cited by 39
Adalimumab ameliorates memory impairments and neuroinflammation in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats
Xu, J., Guo, S., Xue, R., Xiao, L., Kou, J., Liu, Y., Han, J., Fu, J.-J., & Wei, N. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.203009 · Cited by 39
Spatiotemporal dynamics of the cellular components involved in glial scar formation following spinal cord injury
Zhang, C., Kang, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Huang, N., & Ning, B. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113500 · Cited by 40
Electroacupuncture remediates glial dysfunction and ameliorates neurodegeneration in the astrocytic α-synuclein mutant mouse model
Deng, J., Lv, E., Yang, J., Gong, X., Zhang, W., Liang, X., Wang, J., Jia, J., & Wang, X. (2015) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0302-z · Cited by 40
Microglia in the human infant brain and factors that affect expression
Ambrose, N., Rodriguez, M. L., Waters, K. A., & Machaalani, R. (2020) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100117 · Cited by 38
The NLRP3 Inflammasome in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Insights from Epileptic Models
Palumbo, L., Carinci, M., Guarino, A., Asth, L., Zucchini, S., Missiroli, S., Rimessi, A., Pinton, P., & Giorgi, C. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11102825 · Cited by 39
Microglia-endothelial cross-talk regulates diabetes-induced retinal vascular dysfunction through remodeling inflammatory microenvironment
Ben, S., Ma, Y., Bai, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhao, Y., Xia, J., & Yao, M. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109145 · Cited by 38
Microglial activation and polarization in type 2 diabetes-related cognitive impairment: A focused review of pathogenesis
Tian, Y., Jing, G., Ma, M., Yin, R., & Zhang, M. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105848 · Cited by 39
Cellular and Molecular Interactions in CNS Injury: The Role of Immune Cells and Inflammatory Responses in Damage and Repair
Patel, J. C., Shukla, M., & Shukla, M. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14120918 · Cited by 39
Rehabilitation following hemorrhagic stroke: building the case for stroke-subtype specific recovery therapies
Kitago, T., & Ratan, R. R. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.11913.1 · Cited by 38

Authors: Cherry, J. D., Olschowka, J. A., & O’Banion, M. K.
Affiliations: University of Rochester Medicine (US)
Corresponding author: O’Banion, M Kerry
ORCID: Cherry, Jonathan D
Olschowka, John A
O’Banion, M Kerry
Venue: Journal of Neuroinflammation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2014-06-03
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 98-98
ISSN: 1742-2094 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-98
PMC: PMC4060849
OpenAlex: W2147180300
Cited by: 1,748
References: 167
Citations by year: 2026: 127 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 157 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 138 · 2018: 129 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 14
FWCI: 8.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Journal of Neuroinflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX13AC33G)
National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (R01AG030149)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI091036)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01 ES020322)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Keywords: microglia, M2 microglia, microglial polarization, neuroinflammation, central nervous system disorders, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines
MeSH terms: Animals, Central Nervous System, Encephalitis, Humans, Macrophage Activation, Microglia

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Neuroinflammation and M2 microglia: the good, the bad, and the inflamed

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Figures

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks