The DOI matches its Crossref record; 167 of the 167 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neuroinflammation and M2 microglia: the good, the bad, and the inflamed
Open accessAbstract
The concept of multiple macrophage activation states is not new. However, extending this idea to resident tissue macrophages, like microglia, has gained increased interest in recent years. Unfortunately, the research on peripheral macrophage polarization does not necessarily translate accurately to their central nervous system (CNS) counterparts. Even though pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can polarize microglia to distinct activation states, the specific functions of these states is still an area of intense debate. This review examines the multiple possible activation states microglia can be polarized to. This is followed by a detailed description of microglial polarization and the functional relevance of this process in both acute and chronic CNS disease models described in the literature. Particular attention is given to utilizing M2 microglial polarization as a potential therapeutic option in treating diseases.
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“The activation process of microglia varies heavily, depending on the stimuli, and is regulated by several intercellular interactions involving cell-surface molecules and soluble mediators, such as cytokines, ROS, and neurotransmitters [68].”
From Risk mitigation of immunogenicity: a key to personalized retinal gene therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
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“The astrocytes and microglia could play a major role in the neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases (Cherry et al., 2014).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Cherry et al., 2014
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“The change of microglia between M1 and M2 phenotypes is a dynamic process and microglial activation can switch from M2 to M1 phenotype during the course of disease (Cherry et al., 2014).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Cherry et al., 2014
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Azevedo, R. S. S., de Sousa, J. R., Araujo, M. T. F., Martins Filho, A. J., de Alcantara, B. N., Araujo, F. M. C., Queiroz, M. G. L., Cruz, A. C. R., Vasconcelos, B. H. B., Chiang, J. O., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17765-5 · Cited by 3,478
Microglial M1/M2 polarization and metabolic states
Orihuela, R., McPherson, C. A., & Harry, G. J. (2016) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13139 · Cited by 2,070
Microglia in physiology and disease
Wolf, S. A., Boddeke, H. W. G. M., & Kettenmann, H. (2017) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034406 · Cited by 1,426
Microglia polarization from M1 to M2 in neurodegenerative diseases
Guo, S., Wang, H., & Yin, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.815347 · Cited by 920
The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury
Tran, A. P., Warren, P. M., & Silver, J. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00017.2017 · Cited by 903
Metadata
- Authors
- Cherry, J. D., Olschowka, J. A., & O’Banion, M. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- O’Banion, M Kerry
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroinflammation
- Published
- 2014-06-03
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 98-98
- ISSN
- 1742-2094 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4060849
- OpenAlex
- W2147180300
- Cited by
- 1,748
- References
- 167
- Citations by year
- 2026: 127 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 157 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 138 · 2018: 129 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 14
- FWCI
- 8.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroinflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX13AC33G)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG030149)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI091036)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01 ES020322)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Keywords
- microglia, M2 microglia, microglial polarization, neuroinflammation, central nervous system disorders, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Central Nervous System, Encephalitis, Humans, Macrophage Activation, Microglia
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