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Cited by 3,478Mosquito-borne diseases and controlInfectious Encephalopathies and EncephalitisNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

In situ immune response and mechanisms of cell damage in central nervous system of fatal cases microcephaly by Zika virus

Open access
Azevedo, Raimunda S. S., de Sousa, Jorge R., Araujo, Marialva T. F., Martins Filho, Arnaldo J., de Alcantara, Bianca N., Araujo, Fernanda M. C., Queiroz, Maria G. L., Cruz, Ana C. R. +11 more·2018·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-17765-5PMC PMC5758755
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Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) has recently caused a pandemic disease, and many cases of ZIKV infection in pregnant women resulted in abortion, stillbirth, deaths and congenital defects including microcephaly, which now has been proposed as ZIKV congenital syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the in situ immune response profile and mechanisms of neuronal cell damage in fatal Zika microcephaly cases. Brain tissue samples were collected from 15 cases, including 10 microcephalic ZIKV-positive neonates with fatal outcome and five neonatal control flavivirus-negative neonates that died due to other causes, but with preserved central nervous system (CNS) architecture. In microcephaly cases, the histopathological features of the tissue samples were characterized in three CNS areas (meninges, perivascular space, and parenchyma). The changes found were mainly calcification, necrosis, neuronophagy, gliosis, microglial nodules, and inflammatory infiltration of mononuclear cells. The in situ immune response against ZIKV in the CNS of newborns is complex. Despite the predominant expression of Th2 cytokines, other cytokines such as Th1, Th17, Treg, Th9, and Th22 are involved to a lesser extent, but are still likely to participate in the immunopathogenic mechanisms of neural disease in fatal cases of microcephaly caused by ZIKV.

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  • Cold and hot brew coffees are similar in their total concentrations of deprotonated acid compounds, but differ in concentration, and possibly complexity, of protonated acids at the pH of extraction.

    “These differences suggest that the cold and hot brew coffees are similar in their total concentrations of deprotonated acid compounds, but differ in the concentration, and possibly in the complexity, of protonated acids at the pH of extraction27.”

    From Effect of grinding, extraction time and type of coffee on the physicochemical and flavour characteristics of cold brew coffee (2019) · cites this paper as [27]

    The Results section on cytokine profiles concerns inflammation in fatal Zika microcephaly cases, not coffee. Searches for cold and hot brew coffee, deprotonated acids, and extraction pH found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

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  • If data is handled accordingly, sequencing errors occur at random positions.

    “However, studies have suggested that if data is handled accordingly, sequencing errors occur at random positions35.”

    From DNA synthesis for true random number generation (2020) · cites this paper as [35]

  • After processing DNA pool by sequencing-by-synthesis using Illumina and removing faulty shortened sequences, errors from sequencing DNA occur at seemingly random positions.

    “Pfeiffer et al.35 have shown that after processing the DNA pool by means of sequencing-by-synthesis using Illumina, removing (faulty) shortened sequences, errors from sequencing DNA occur at seemingly random positions.”

    From DNA synthesis for true random number generation (2020) · cites this paper as [35]

  • Cold brew coffee prepared at temperatures less than 25 °C is widely reported to be sweeter and less acidic than hot brewed coffee.

    “At one extreme, cold brew coffee prepared at temperatures less than 25 °C is widely reported to be sweeter and less acidic than hot brewed coffee20–23, suggesting that less dramatic temperature differences might play a similar role for hot drip brew coffee.”

    From Brew temperature, at fixed brew strength and extraction, has little impact on the sensory profile of drip brew coffee (2020) · cites this paper as [23]

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Authors
Azevedo, R. S. S., de Sousa, J. R., Araujo, M. T. F., Martins Filho, A. J., de Alcantara, B. N., Araujo, F. M. C., Queiroz, M. G. L., Cruz, A. C. R., Vasconcelos, B. H. B., Chiang, J. O., Martins, L. C., Casseb, L. M. N., da Silva, E. V., Carvalho, V. L., Vasconcelos, B. C. B., Rodrigues, S. G., Oliveira, C. S., Quaresma, J. A. S., & Vasconcelos, P. F. C.
Affiliations
  • Universidade do Estado do Pará (BR)
  • Instituto Evandro Chagas (BR)
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2018-01-08
Volume
8
Issue
1
Pages
1-1
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41598-017-17765-5
PMC
PMC5758755
OpenAlex
W2782327081
Cited by
3,478
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 1109 · 2020: 1406 · 2019: 498 · 2018: 100 · 2017: 1
FWCI
745.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords
Zika virus, microcephaly, congenital Zika syndrome, neuronal injury, central nervous system, calcification, necrosis, gliosis, microglial nodules, Th2 cytokines, Th17, regulatory T cells, flavivirus infection
MeSH terms
Zika Virus Infection, Zika Virus, Biopsy, Central Nervous System, Female, Humans, Immunity, Immunohistochemistry, Infant, Newborn, Male, Microcephaly, Models, Biological, Biomarkers, Cytokines, Apoptosis, Inflammation Mediators

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